A SPEAKER’S GUIDEBOOK 4 TH EDITION CHAPTER 4 Listening

 Hearing – physiological response  Listening – active, cognitive process Feedback Loop — Successful speakers adjust their messages based on reactions from listeners in a circular response.

Competent Listeners  Have more successful relationships  Experience greater professional success  Are better problem solvers  Are more engaged citizens  Learn from listening to other speakers

Components of the Listening Process  Mindfulness  Physical reception of communication  Selective perception of communication  Organizing perceived communication  Interpreting communication  Responding to others nonverbally  Remembering communication

Selective Perception  We pay attention to one message while ignoring another. For example, walking to your next class, you ignore your friend to answer your cell phone.  Listeners pay attention to a message based on its importance, its relevance to listener, and the level of understanding.

Dialogic Communication  To occur, the speaker and listener must create meaning for the message together.  A speech is not a monologue by which the speaker tries to impose her beliefs and thoughts on the audience like she would enter data into a computer.  Speeches are dialogues by which the speaker and the listener share ideas collaboratively; both take an active role in the process.

Four Steps in the Listening Process 1. Reception – the message must be successfully received by the listener. 2. Selection – the speaker must assist the listener in maintaining attention to the message. 3. Organization – the speaker must present her thoughts in an organized way, so that the listener can process the meaning more easily. 4. Motivation – the listener must be open to receive messages to which he may first wish to ignore.

Critical Thinking  The ability to evaluate claims on the basis of well-supported reasons.  Audience members should evaluate the evidence for accuracy and credibility.  Pay attention to assumptions and biases, such as overgeneralizations which are unreasonable and unsupported conclusions.

Guidelines for Evaluating Messages  Be honest and fair in your evaluating by being open to other viewpoints and considering the speech as a whole.  Adjust to the speaker’s style of delivery, especially with your classmates who are learning how to improve their word choice and gestures.  Be compassionate in your criticism by providing constructive feedback.

A SPEAKER’S GUIDEBOOK 4 TH EDITION CHAPTER 4 Barriers to Active Listening

Factors that have reduced listening skills  We move at a fast pace in everyday life.  Media outlets encourage passive listening.  Commercials and other “mini-messages” contribute to difficulty in sustaining attention for long periods of time. Try this: Count the mini-messages during your favorite TV sitcom using your stopwatch. How much time elapsed between commercial breaks or scene changes? How long was each commercial? Did you have any interruptions during the sitcom; i.e. telephone ringing, person entered room, your pet barked?

External Obstacles to Listening A. Message Overload B. Message Complexity C. Noise Question: Which of these is more of an obstacle to you than the others?

Internal Listening Distractions  Thoughts and feelings that intrude on our attention are internal listening distractions or obstacles.  Daydreaming, anxiety, illness, or fatigue are examples of common distractions.  Scriptwriting is when the listener is to busy to listen because he is thinking of what to say next.  Defensive listeners prejudge the message and assume they already know the information or that the speaker is against their values.  Cultural differences impact how well we listen.

Internal Obstacles to Listening A. Preoccupation B. Prejudgment C. Reacting to Emotionally Loaded Language D. Lack of Effort E. Not Adapting to Diverse Speaking Styles Question: Which of these is more of an obstacle to you?

Active Listeners  Set listening goals.  Listen for main ideas.  Watch for the speaker’s nonverbal cues. Did you ever try to tune out the speaker as this child is doing?

Steps in Setting Listening Goals  Identify your need for listening to the speech.  Indicate the performance standard to demonstrate effective listening has occurred.  Make an action statement where you visualize minimizing internal distractions and listening well.  Assess goal achievement by taking a moment to review your evaluation sheet to confirm that you did an adequate job as a listener.

Listen for Main Ideas  Listen for the organizational pattern of the message.  Listen for the internal preview in the introduction, transition statements and signposts between the main ideas, and match these with the concluding review.  Take notes on the main ideas and supporting evidence.

Watch for Nonverbal Cues  Pay attention to direct eye contact; speakers often emphasize important thoughts by gazing directly at the audience.  Emphatic gestures and changes in facial expressions often indicate important concepts or strong feelings on the part of the speaker.

Group Work: Listening to Support Others  The primary concern should be the relationship with other group members; we should care about other’s feelings and perceptions.  Concentrate on what is behind the literal content to know what the other person is thinking or feeling.  Avoid judgmental responses, but be honest when others want our evaluative feedback.

Chapter 4 Key Terms for Review feedback loop listening selective perception dialogue dialogic communication active listening listening distraction external listening distraction internal listening distraction defensive listening critical thinking valid generalization overgeneralization