Building the New Nation

The First Party System

Washington’s Administration

Cabinet – Clashing Views Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury Democratic- Republicans Federalists

The First Two-Party System Federalists Democratic-Republicans Issue Government: State or national? Interpretation of the Constitution: Strict or Loose? Tariffs, Banks & Business or farming? Banks: National or State? Defense: Standing Army or Militias? Foreign Policy: Support Britain or Support France? Regions of Support: N, S, E, W? Nullification More important: Order or Liberty? Party Leaders & Presidents Questions 1)Why does the Electoral College encourage a two- party system rather than a multiparty system? 2)Explain how Thomas Jefferson’s election in the “revolution” of 1800 changed the way the federal (national) government operated. NationalState

Two Parties

Sally Hemings Controversy

Election of 1800

Jefferson wins “Revolution of 1800”… peaceful transfer of power

Which Republican? Tie between Burr & Jefferson Election must be decided in the House –Dem-Reps vote for Jefferson –Federalists voted for Burr Jefferson won after 36 ballots

12 th Amendment Old runner-up system provided and incentive for a coup d’etat New system elected president and vice president jointly

Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency

Cleaning Out the Federalists?

“Midnight Judges” “Lame duck” Federalist Congress –Judiciary Act of 1801 –Adams appointed judges in the last days of presidency –Attempt to entrench Federalists in judicial branch Jefferson refused to deliver commissions

Marbury v. Madison “Midnight Judge” vs. Secretary of State

Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court Marbury loses But real winner is the Supreme Court –Establishes “judicial review” without angering new Dem.- Rep. administration

Chief Justice John Marshall …and Marshall will continue to exert Federalist influence for many years to come

Samuel Chase Republican attempt at “judge-breaking” Impeached by Democratic- Republican House Senate failed to convict him Independence of judiciary

Erasing Hamilton’s Plan?

Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury Adopted much of Hamilton’s economic plan –National bank –Funding of debt Jeffersonian Congress repealed whiskey excise

Aaron Burr Dropped by Jefferson in 1804 election Joined Federalist plot for secession of New England and New York Exposed by Hamilton

Burr-Hamilton Duel

Burr Conspiracy Hamilton is dead… Federalist party withers But Burr is politically dead –Planned to separate Louisiana from U.S. and invade Mexico and Florida –Tried, acquitted for treason –Fled to Europe

The Louisiana Purchase

Threat of Napoleonic France

Toussaint L’Overture French problems in Caribbean –Haitian rebellion –Yellow fever Napoleon wants to attack Britain… …and keep U.S. neutral

Louisiana Purchase Best deal ever?

Louisiana Purchase

Constitutional Crisis Strict interpretation… no power to purchase land Admitted unconstitutionality of purchase but submitted it anyway “Empire of Liberty”

Lewis & Clark Expedition Exploration of Louisiana Purchase Looking for river routes to the Pacific

Sacajawea

Lewis & Clark Expedition Knowledge of the geography, resources Encouraged fur trade Opened diplomatic relations with the Indians Established a precedent for U.S. army exploration of the West

Effects of Louisiana Purchase Short term –Constitutional crisis –Weak control over new land (Burr conspiracy) Long term –Purchase, incorporation, equality of U.S. territory –Increased security –Laid foundations of American power & “Manifest Destiny”

Freedom of the Seas

Barbary States

Barbary (Tripolitan) Wars Jefferson refused to pay tribute U.S. marine “mosquito fleet” –Jobs for small shipbuilders 1805 treaty – U.S. paid small sum of $60,000

Impressment

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair British Leopard demanded return of four alleged deserters aboard Chesapeake Four killed Jefferson was reluctant to declare war…

Embargo Act of 1807 “Peaceful coercion” Cut off trade with rest of the world Effects –Injured American merchants and ship- builders –Helped fledgling American industries –Serious blow to Jefferson’s popularity

Embargo Act of 1807

Atlantic Slave Trade End of trans- Atlantic slave trade (1808) Not the end of domestic slave trade Jefferson’s peculiar relationship with slavery

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 Repeal of Embargo Act Opened trade to all nations except Britain and France Unenforceable and ineffective

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) U.S. would open trade to entire world If Britain or France would reopen trade, U.S. would reinstate embargo against non- compliant nation

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) France reopened trade Britain controlled the seas anyway and saw no need to comply… –U.S. weakness was exposed –End of U.S. neutrality –War coming soon

Conclusion

Jefferson’s Legacy Reduced the size of the federal government, but… …adopted many Federalist policies Popular first term; troubled second term Foreign policy failures would lead to war with Britain in Madison’s term