National Revolutions Vocabulary ▫peninsulares ▫mestizos

Nationalism Vocabulary nation-state Russification realpolitik

National Revolutions Latin America rigid class structure ▫peninsulares ▫Creoles ▫mestizos ▫mulattos

National Revolutions Vocabulary ▫Creoles ▫Mulattos

National Revolutions Haiti 1791 – successful revolt ▫traveled to Paris to celebrate! under Toussaint L’Ouverture ▫former slave ▫1802, arrested ▫died in French prison Gen. Dessalines continued Declared final independence: January 1, 1804

Creoles Lead Independence After 1808 conquest of Spain: Simon Bolivar ▫Venezuelan Jose de San Martin ▫Argentina Met in Ecuador Defeated Spanish army

Different visions Enlightenment ideas spread Bolivar – United States of So. America ? ▫united northern area – Gran Colombia San Martin – wanted strong institutions ▫to survive long after one strong leader???

Class Project BoliverSan Martin -personal characteristics -background (ethnicity, social class, political status) -vision for South America -heroic exploits? -what happened? results? consequences?

Mexico Two revolutions 1810 – Father Hidalgo in Delores ▫lower classes rallied ▫Padre Jose Morelos Overpowered by Creoles Independence in – class revolution

Brazil No violence during Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal ▫Royal family escaped to Brazil ▫Rio was capital of Portugal ▫After Waterloo, family returned Prince Dom Pedro stayed ▫Agreed to independence

Revolutions in Europe 3 political philosophies ▫Conservative ▫Liberal ▫Radical Nationalism—loyalty to common culture ▫nation-state ▫defends territory and way of life

Challenge to conservative power Greece independence was popular Ottoman empire in decline Britain, France, Russia provide help Belgium Independence from Dutch, 1830 Poles against Russia Italy against Austria Liberal uprisings throughout Austria

France 1830, Charles replaced by Louis-Philippe ▫1848, violence for democracy Dec. 1848, Louis-Napoleon elected president ▫1852, declared himself Emperor Napoleon III ▫Successful economic development

Reform in Russia Early 1800s feudal serfdom prevails inhibits industrial growth nobles want status quo Alexander II 1861, freed the serfs Assassinated in 1881 Alexander III tightened control encouraged industrialism

Aging empires —include many ethnic groups Austria Reorganized into Austria-Hungary After WWI, separate nation states Russia Russification 1917, Communist Revolution Ottoman 1894, Armenians massacred

Italy Cavour leads unification, 1852 alliance w/ France against Austria annexed northern Italy Garibaldi unites, 1860 Red Shirts moved north from Sicily united south Italy agreed to united w/ north

Bismarck unites Germany Nationalism united Prussia 1861, Wilhelm I on throne chooses Otto von Bismarck as prime minister ▫Master of “realpolitik” leads to dictatorship

Germany (con’t) Seven Weeks’ War, 1866 conquered German territories Franco-Prussian War manipulated by Bismarck unification complete “Kaiser” Wilhelm – Second Reich