Chapter 7, Section2 Reign of Terror

The National Assembly August 4, 1789: Nobleman joined the National Assembly and voted to remove feudal privileges August 4, 1789: Nobleman joined the National Assembly and voted to remove feudal privileges They were more motivated by fear than wanting to do the right thing They were more motivated by fear than wanting to do the right thing By morning the Old Regime was gone By morning the Old Regime was gone The National Assembly adopted the “Declaration of the Rights of Man” The National Assembly adopted the “Declaration of the Rights of Man” “men are born free and equal in rights” “men are born free and equal in rights” Including: liberty, property, security, & resistance to oppression Including: liberty, property, security, & resistance to oppression Also guaranteed, free speech, equal justice, & freedom of religion Also guaranteed, free speech, equal justice, & freedom of religion

Revolutionary leaders adopted the slogan… “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

State Controlled Church The Church was the target of many of the early reforms The Church was the target of many of the early reforms The National Assembly: The National Assembly: Took over church lands Took over church lands Said church officials and priests must be elected & paid as state officials Said church officials and priests must be elected & paid as state officials The sale of church lands helped pay off France’s huge debt The sale of church lands helped pay off France’s huge debt Millions of peasants were upset with these reforms; they believed the Pope should rule over the church Millions of peasants were upset with these reforms; they believed the Pope should rule over the church

Louis Attempts to Flee Louis’s advisors told the king he & his family were in danger from the revolution Louis’s advisors told the king he & his family were in danger from the revolution June 1791: the royal family tries to escape to the Austrian Netherlands June 1791: the royal family tries to escape to the Austrian Netherlands They are recognized and captured, and returned to Paris They are recognized and captured, and returned to Paris He is now viewed by many as a traitor He is now viewed by many as a traitor

Limited Monarchy New Government New Government The National Assembly created a new constitution limiting his power in 1791 The National Assembly created a new constitution limiting his power in 1791 Under the new system the Legislative Assembly made laws & declared war Under the new system the Legislative Assembly made laws & declared war King Louis XVI still had the power to enforce the laws King Louis XVI still had the power to enforce the laws

Legislative Assembly The new government had the same problems The new government had the same problems Food shortages & debt Food shortages & debt Three groups developed in the Legislative Assembly Three groups developed in the Legislative Assembly The Radicals: sat on the left side of the hall: The Radicals: sat on the left side of the hall: Wanted sweeping changes Wanted sweeping changes The Moderates: sat in the center The Moderates: sat in the center Wanted some changes Wanted some changes The Conservatives: sat on the right: liked the idea of a limited monarchy with little change The Conservatives: sat on the right: liked the idea of a limited monarchy with little change

Legislative Assembly Outside forces also wanted to influence the direction of the Assembly and the government Outside forces also wanted to influence the direction of the Assembly and the government Emigres: nobles and others who fled France and wanted to undo the Revolution and restore the Old Regime Emigres: nobles and others who fled France and wanted to undo the Revolution and restore the Old Regime Parisian workers: wanted greater changes but had no role in the Legislative Assembly Parisian workers: wanted greater changes but had no role in the Legislative Assembly They were known as the Sans-culottes, for the full length pants they wore They were known as the Sans-culottes, for the full length pants they wore

War with Austria Monarchs around Europe feared the same type of revolt in their countries Monarchs around Europe feared the same type of revolt in their countries Austria decided to force the French people to restore Louis XVI to the throne Austria decided to force the French people to restore Louis XVI to the throne War: in response to Prussia and Austria’s threats, France declared war on Prussia & Austria in April of 1792 War: in response to Prussia and Austria’s threats, France declared war on Prussia & Austria in April of 1792

War The war started badly for France, Prussia easily advanced on Paris The war started badly for France, Prussia easily advanced on Paris The Prussian commander said he would destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed The Prussian commander said he would destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed The people of Paris killed the King’s guards and imprisoned the royal family The people of Paris killed the King’s guards and imprisoned the royal family The troops from Paris were sent to reinforce the French army The troops from Paris were sent to reinforce the French army

The September Massacre As the war continued, rumors spread in Paris that the nobles were planning seize Paris As the war continued, rumors spread in Paris that the nobles were planning seize Paris The people of Paris raided prisons and homes where nobles were held or hiding and killed 1,000s The people of Paris raided prisons and homes where nobles were held or hiding and killed 1,000s

The Jacobins Radical political organizations dominated the French Revolution Radical political organizations dominated the French Revolution The Jacobins were the most active and prominent The Jacobins were the most active and prominent Jean-Paul Marat was one of the most vocal members Jean-Paul Marat was one of the most vocal members Marat urged the execution of anyone who still supported the king Marat urged the execution of anyone who still supported the king The National Convention tried Louis for treason The National Convention tried Louis for treason He was found guilty He was found guilty 1/21/1793: Louis the XVI was executed by guillotine 1/21/1793: Louis the XVI was executed by guillotine

Execution of King Louis XVI

War continues Early in 1793: Britain, Holland, & Spain joined in the war against France Early in 1793: Britain, Holland, & Spain joined in the war against France After multiple defeats After multiple defeats The Convention was forced to increase the size of the French Army The Convention was forced to increase the size of the French Army They ordered the drafting of 300,000 citizens, ages They ordered the drafting of 300,000 citizens, ages 18-40

Maximilien Robespierre & the Reign of Terror Became leader of Committee of Public Safety in 1793 Became leader of Committee of Public Safety in 1793 He ordered the elimination of every trace of France’s past He ordered the elimination of every trace of France’s past Created a new calendar Created a new calendar Closed all the churches Closed all the churches By July of 1793 Robespierre was a virtual dictator By July of 1793 Robespierre was a virtual dictator Stated the chief goal of the Committee was to protect the revolution Stated the chief goal of the Committee was to protect the revolution Using this reason, he had anyone who was an “enemy” of the revolution executed Using this reason, he had anyone who was an “enemy” of the revolution executed

Maximilien Robespierre & the Reign of Terror 1794: 1794: People who had led the revolution were now being executed People who had led the revolution were now being executed Their crime was being less radical than Robespierre Their crime was being less radical than Robespierre Both the famous and unknown were at risk Both the famous and unknown were at risk

End of the Reign of Terror July, 1794: many members of the Committee turned on Robespierre fearing for their own safety July, 1794: many members of the Committee turned on Robespierre fearing for their own safety He was arrested He was arrested July 28, 1794 he was executed by Guillotine July 28, 1794 he was executed by Guillotine The people of France now wanted stability The people of France now wanted stability A new government was created: became known as the Directory A new government was created: became known as the Directory 5 men, and a 2 house legislature 5 men, and a 2 house legislature Moderate men, not revolutionaries Moderate men, not revolutionaries

Napoleon Bonaparte To protect France from foreign enemies the Directory selected Napoleon Bonaparte to lead the army To protect France from foreign enemies the Directory selected Napoleon Bonaparte to lead the army