Life Functions – Synthesis and Nutrition

Recall The elements that are most needed for ORGANIC compounds are ___________________ Organic is any compound that contains both ____________________________________ Inorganic is missing one or both or those elements What is the most abundant INORGANIC compound in our bodies? ___________________________

Basic Carbon compounds

Recall Hydrogen needs __________ bond Oxygen needs __________ bonds Nitrogen needs __________ bonds Carbon needs __________ bonds Thus giving us the __________ rule…

Functional Groups Carbonyl – COH ________________ – OH _______________ – COOH ________________ – NH2 ________________ – OPO3

There are four Organic Families __________________________ Monomer – glucose Polymer - starches __________________________ Monomer – glycerol + 3 fatty acids Polymer – fats + oils __________________________ Monomer – amino acids Polymer – proteins + enzymes __________________________ Ie – DNA and RNA

Carbohydrates - Saccharides Primary source of energy – Glucose (monomer) Made of CHO Hydrogen and oxygen is found in a __________ ratio For example: ______________– C6H12O6 – 12:6 = 2:1 Sucrose – C12H22O11 – 22:11 = 2:1 Polysaccharide – C36H60O30 – 60:30 = 2:1 Sugars end in - _____________

Types of carbohydrates Monosaccharide – simple sugar Disaccharide – double ring sugar Polysaccharide – many rings Important polysaccharides ______________ – energy storage in animals ______________– energy storage in plants ______________– cell walls of plants ______________– exoskeleton of insects

Glucose - monosaccharide

Sucrose - disaccharide

Dehydration synthesis How to MAKE a di- from a mono- Dehydration synthesis – ______________ means take out water ______________– means to make Take out water to make a bond Two monosaccharides can combine by removing a water molecule

Hydrolysis ______________ means water ______________ means to break Using water to break a bond Hydrolysis is the opposite of Dehydration synthesis

Lipids – fats and oils Lipids are very nonpolar/ hydrophobic molecules and tend to repel water. Contains CHO but not in any ratio Has a lower oxygen content then carbs storing more ________________________________ Monomers – fatty acids and glycerol

Important Lipids ______________– energy storage ______________– cell membranes ______________– hormones ______________– supports cell membranes ______________– digestion of fats (like disolves like : soap is made of fat which will break down cell membranes of micro-organisms)

Making and breaking down of lipids Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis Dehydration synthesis To dissolve fats – like using soaps (dawn commercial)dawn commercial

Proteins Responsible for ______________– chemical messengers like insulin/ glucagon ______________– like hemoglobin and carrier proteins ______________– physical support – collagen Contractile – movement – actin/ myosin (muscles) ______________– immune defense – immunoglobulins ______________– biological catalysts – amylase, lipase, ATPase

Monomer ______________ ______________ are the building blocks of all proteins There are 20 amino acids that combine to make over millions of possibilities For example: a peptide (another name for protein) that has only 4 amino acids each amino acid has 20 possibilities so 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 = 160,000 possibilities for just that one 4 amino acid combo. Amino acids end in - ine

Structure of a protein Again – in order to make bonds you take out water – to break bonds you add water The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids. The bonds between amino acids are called ______________ bonds The secondary structure is either an ______________ or ______________ sheet. This depends on the primary structure

Structure ______________ structure is characterized as ______________ due to bonding between side chains of the various amino acids and depends on secondary structure. The final ______________ level brings ______________ ______________ together.

Tertiary Structure

Enzymes * ______________ ______________ * Specialized proteins that allow reactions to occur Increase the rate of the ______________ Lowers the ______________ energy rate of a reaction Does not affect the ______________ energy change of the reaction Are not changed or consumed in the reaction ARE SPECIFIC for the reaction they work with

How enzymes work ______________ bond with an ______________ = products are released and an enzyme is ______________

Lock and key model

Activation energy

Helpful Enzymes Enzymes are named after what they work on They always end in ase ______________– works on protein ______________– works on lipids ______________ / amylase – works on carbohydrates ______________– works on lactose

Enzymes are specific Specific for (and have an optimum) ______________ SO TO CHANGE THE RATE OF REACTION you would change Temperature pH Amount of substrate or enzyme

Effect of… Temperature pH Enzymes have an OPTIMUM pH and Temperature – anything above or below that the enzyme activity decreases!

Amount of Substrate or Enzyme You reach a saturation point where even increasing the amount of what you testing doesn’t matter – the other is a limiting factor!

Enzymes Enzymes are found in laundry detergents as well – since specific for temperature need to aware of optimum temperature of detergent

Nutrition in humans We need all of these organic families to function at peak performance Diets can be dangerous

Nutrition Cutting out an organic family – “because it’s fattening can damage internal organs or decrease amount of ATP available “Carbs are bad for you!” EVERYTHING IN MODERATION – Increase activity to increase metabolism – All help make ATP

Cellular Respiration

Metabolism and nutrition Increasing your bodies demand for ATP – increase the amount of mitochondria – Therefore increasing the life function ______________ (REMEMBER metabolism is the sum of all life functions – Increasing the speed of one of your life functions will increase your metabolism! ON the flip side – skipping meals will SLOW DOWN nutrition – slowing down nutrition – THEREFORE – SLOWING down your metabolism!!!!! PS – Eating after a certain time doesn’t make you fat either! – Your metabolism is your metabolism – just watch calories!

Nucleic Acids Building block of DNA and RNA We will be going into detail of DNA in the next coming units Made of a sugar, phosphate backbone – and a nitrogen base. There are 4 nitrogen bases in DNA – A, G, T, C There are 4 nitrogen bases in RNA – A, G, U, C