Outline Deformation Strain Displacement Vectors Strain ellipse Linear strain Shear strain Quantifying strain.

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Presentation transcript:

Outline Deformation Strain Displacement Vectors Strain ellipse Linear strain Shear strain Quantifying strain

Kinematic Analysis The study of the movements of rock during deformation Examples: –Pepperoni moves from point A to point B –A feldspar grain goes from square to elliptical –Pacific plate moves relative to NAM

What is Deformation?

What causes deformation? Forces that exceed the strength of a rock

What are the possible sources of these forces?

Deformation vs. Strain Strain: changes in shape and/or volume

Rigid Body Deformation Particles in a body do not change relative positions Translations Rotations

Rigid Body Translation Define frame of reference Y X Yo+n Xo+mXo Yom n Displacement vector

All Plate Motions are Rotations Motion with respect to what? v= w r i sin 

Vectors Displacement vectors –Direction of movement –Distance

Vectors showing extension from dike intrusion

Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Strain Homogeneous strain is easy to measure Circles become ellipses Squares become parallelograms

Strain Ellipse helps visualize strain in rocks Undeformed Deformed Principal Strain Axes: they stay perpendicular

Principal Strain Axes 2D: X>Y 3D: X>Y>Z

FINITE STRAIN INCREMENTAL STRAIN

Extension Quadrant Shortening Quadrant No change in length

Coaxial Strain: principal axes do not rotate Simple Shear

Non-Coaxial Strain: principal axes rotate Pure Shear

Simple vs. Pure Shear Simple Shear Pure Shear

Quantifying Strain

Linear Strain Measures relative changes in length EXTENSION (e) = ( L f -L o )/ L o

Shear Strain Measures changes in angles of initially perpendicular lines Shear angle (  ) increases with increasing strain Shear strain (  )= tan 

Measuring Strain Need objects with a known original shape Spheres Circles Lines