private key

Digital signature - Putting the private key on a smart card 1 All public key / private key cryptosystems depend entirely on keeping the private key secret. A private key can be stored on a user's computer, and protected by a local password, but this has two disadvantages:

Digital signature - Putting the private key on a smart card 1 the security of the private key depends entirely on the security of the computer

Digital signature - Putting the private key on a smart card 1 Private keys that are protected by software only may be easier to copy, and such compromises are far more difficult to detect.

Digital signing - Putting the private key on a smart card 1 * the security of the private key depends entirely on the computer insecurity|security of the computer

Digital signing - Putting the private key on a smart card 1 Private keys that are protected by software only may be easier to copy, and such compromises are far more difficult to detect.

Encrypting File System - Accessing private key via password reset 1 This is because the backup of the user's RSA private key is encrypted with an LSA secret, which is accessible to any attacker who can elevate their login to LocalSystem (again, trivial given numerous tools on the Internet).

Encrypting File System - Accessing private key via password reset 1 In Windows XP and beyond, the user's RSA private key is backed up using an offline public key whose matching private key is stored in one of two places: the password reset disk (if Windows XP is not a member of a domain) or in the Active Directory (if Windows XP is a member of a domain). This means that an attacker who can authenticate to Windows XP as LocalSystem still does not have access to a decryption key stored on the PC's hard drive.

Encrypting File System - Accessing private key via password reset 1 In Windows 2000, XP or later, the user's RSA private key is encrypted using a hash of the user's NTLM password hash plus the user name – use of a Salt (cryptography)|salted hash makes it extremely difficult to reverse the process and recover the private key without knowing the user's passphrase

Bitcoin mining - Private key 1 The private key is mathematically related to the Bitcoin address, and is designed so that the Bitcoin address can be calculated from the private key but, importantly, the reverse cannot be done.

Private key 1 The public key is used to encrypt plaintext or to verify a digital signature; whereas the private key is used to decrypt ciphertext or to create a digital signature

Private key 1 Thus the public key may be published without compromising security, whereas the private key must not be revealed to anyone not authorized to read messages or perform digital signatures

Private key 1 Success confirms the message is unmodified since it was signed, and – presuming the signer's private key has remained secret to the signer – that the signer, and no one else, intentionally performed the signature operation

Private key - Security 1 The most obvious application of a public key encryption system is confidentiality – a message that a sender encrypts using the recipient's public key can be decrypted only by the recipient's paired private key. This assumes, of course, that no flaw is discovered in the basic algorithm used.

Private key - Security 1 Digital signature schemes have the property that signatures can be computed only with the knowledge of the correct private key

Private key - Security 1 To achieve both authentication and confidentiality, the sender should include the recipient's name in the message, sign it using his private key, and then encrypt both the message and the signature using the recipient's public key.

Private key - Certification Authority 1 In order for Enveloped Public Key Encryption to be as secure as possible, there needs to be a gatekeeper of public and private keys, or else anyone could publish their public key and masquerade as the intended sender of a communication. This digital key gatekeeper is known as a Certificate authority|certification authority. A certification authority is a trusted third party that can issue public and private keys thus certifying public keys.

Private key - Actual algorithms: two linked keys 1 Not all asymmetric key algorithms operate in precisely this fashion. The most common ones have the property that Alice and Bob each own two keys, one for encryption and one for decryption. In a secure asymmetric key encryption scheme, the private key should not be deducible from the public key. This is known as public-key encryption, since an encryption key can be published without compromising the security of messages encrypted with that key.

Private key - Actual algorithms: two linked keys 1 In the analogy above, Bob might publish instructions on how to make a lock (public key). However, the workings of the lock are such that it is impossible (so far as is known) to deduce from the instructions given just exactly how to make a key that will open that lock (e.g., a private key). Those wishing to send messages to Bob must use the public key to encrypt the message, then Bob can use his private key to decrypt it.

Private key - Weaknesses 1 When a private key used for certificate creation higher in the PKI server hierarchy is compromised, or accidentally disclosed, then a man-in-the-middle attack is possible, making any subordinate certificate wholly insecure.

Private key - Distribution of a new key 1 Assume that Carol's key has been 'revoked' (e.g., by exceeding its expiration date, or because of a compromise of Carol's matching private key)

Private key - Recovery from a leaked key 1 Assume that the principal authorized to revoke a key has decided that a certain key must be revoked. In most cases, this happens after the fact – for instance, it becomes known that at some time in the past an event occurred that endangered a private key. Let us denote the time at which it is decided that the compromise occurred as T.

Private key - Recovery from a leaked key 1 A solution to reduce the impact of leaking a private key of a signature scheme is to use trusted timestamping|timestamps.

Private key - Recovery from a leaked key 1 Messages sent to that user (which require the proper – now compromised – private key to decrypt) must be considered compromised as well, no matter when they were sent.

Lamport signature - Short private key 1 If the adversary can access the signature before the intended recipients can, then he can forge a signature with a halving of security level for each doubling of the revealed random values from the private key.

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