The Human Machine: Keeping you alive! Function Systems Supply and transport materials, remove wastes Control itself and sense environment Support and move Protect and defend against invaders Reproduce Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Urinary Nervous Endocrine Skeletal Muscular Immune/ Lymphatic Reproductive

Function 1: Supply and transport materials, and remove wastes A. Digestive System: supplies materials and removes solid waste Take in food and water Break down food into absorbable particles Transfer nutrients and water to blood and then to body cells Get rid of solid waste Some Important Terms/Parts: Mouth: Chews food, adds saliva to start chemical breakdown. Stomach: Mixes food with hydrochloric acid, enzyme pepsin, and mucus. Small Intestine: Enzymes added and food further broken down into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids; Molecules diffuse into blood. Large Intestine: Water is absorbed into blood; solid waste (feces) excreted.

Function 1: Supply and transport materials, and remove wastes B. Respiratory System: supplies O 2 and removes CO 2 and H 2 O waste Inhale O 2 (Brings Oxygen INTO the body.) Exchange O 2 for CO 2 with the blood Exhale CO 2 (Removes Carbon Dioxidefrom the body.) Some Important Terms/Parts: Nose: air enters here, gets cleaned by cilia, and is warmed and moistened Epiglottis: A small flap of tissue that blocks the windpipe during swallowing Lungs: inhale and exhale, exchange gases with the blood Air Sacs or Alveoli: provide a lot of surface area for gases to diffuse from the lungs into/out of the nearby blood.

Function 1: Supply and transport materials, and remove wastes C. Circulatory System: transport materials to and wastes from body cells Important Terms and Parts: Heart: pumps the blood to lungs and rest of the body Arteries: muscular blood vessels that always carry blood away from heart Veins: blood vessels that always carry blood back to heart Capillaries: smallest blood vessels that allow materials to diffuse between blood and body cells Blood: transports materials around body; has 4 main components Red Blood Cells: carry O 2 and glucose Plasma: carries water and salts White Blood Cells: fight invadersPlatelets: clot cuts Pick up O 2 from lungs Exchange O 2, nutrients and water for CO 2 and other wastes with the body cells Drop off CO 2 at lungs

Function 1: Supply and transport materials, and remove wastes D. Excretory/Urinary System: removes dissolved wastes and heat from body Important Terms and Parts: Urea: waste from cells, made in breakdown of proteins Urine: urea and excess water Kidneys: Removes waste from the blood Ureters: tubes that connect kidneys to urinary bladder Urethra: Where urine is discharged when bladder is full. Skin: gets rid of excess heat, water, and some urea through sweat Kidneys filter out wastes from the blood Dissolved wastes excreted from body Excess heat is transferred to environment Skin allows water to evaporate from body

Function 2: Support and Move A. Muscular System: Works with skeletal system to control movement of body.

B. Skeletal System: supports the body, protects delicate organs, and helps move and support the body (Also makes blood cells and stores fat and minerals) Important Terms and Parts: Bones: 206 in adult body; bone cells surrounded by non-living materials (calcium, protein); marrow makes blood cells. Cartilage: tissue that is more flexible than bone; keeps bones from grinding together in joints and gives shape to nose and ears Joints: where bones meet Ex. Ball-and-Socket (shoulder), Hinge (elbow, knee), Gliding (wrist), Pivot (1 st vertebra) Ligaments: tissue that connects bones to other bones. Tendons: tissue that connects bones to muscles.

Function 3: Controls itself and senses environment A. Nervous System: Body’s control center. Sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body. Important Terms and Parts: Neuron (Nerve Cell): Process, receive, and send nerve impulses throughout the body. Nerve Impulse: Tells your muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment. Nerves: bundles of nerve cells; 3 types: sensory, motor, and mixed. Brain: Main control center of NS; directs and coordinates all body processes, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. Spinal Cord: extends from brain down your back; relays information to/from body to/from brain

B. Endocrine System: Controls many daily body activities, controls body’s long-term development Important Terms and Parts: Hormones: chemicals that control body functions (ex: growth). It can turn it on/off or slow down/speed up other organs (Ex. Adrenaline, estrogen, testosterone.) Endocrine Glands: organs that make hormones and inject them directly into bloodstream. Pituitary Glands: master gland that controls many other endocrine glands. Pancreas Glands: regulates blood sugar levels by releasing insulin and glucagon. Thyroid Glands: regulates your body’s metabolism

Function 4: Protect and defend against invaders. A.Immune System: Our body’s defense system against infections and diseases. Important Terms and Parts: Automatic Response: Physically prevents threatening substances from entering your body. (EX: Mucous membranes of the skin.) Inflammatory Response: Excreting invaders from your body. (EX: Sneezing and runny nose) Lymphocytes: White blood cells that migrate to lymph nodes and produce antibodies, which fight disease.

B. Lymphatic System: Filters out organisms that cause disease, produces white blood cells, and generates disease-fighting antibodies. Important Terms and Parts: Network of Vessels: These carry excess fluid away from the spaces between tissues and organs and return it to the bloodstream.

Function 5: Reproduce A. Reproduction System: Allows humans to reproduce children. Important Terms and Parts: Gametes: sex cells which contain half the normal number of chromosomes are made by meiosis Sperm: are made in the testes Eggs: are made in the ovaries Development of offspring: 1.A fertilized egg is a zygote. 2. After the egg divides, it is called an embryo, and it implants onto a mom’s uterus. 3. After 8 weeks, the embryo is considered a fetus. 4. A developing baby is connected by the umbilical cord. It’s job is to bring nutrients and O 2 and to remove wastes.