CHAPTER 6 SECTION 4 Macro molecules
Organic Chemistry The element carbon (C) is a component of almost all biological molecules Life on earth is often considered “carbon-based” Covalent bonds allow carbon molecules to bond to each other carbon molecules to produce organic compounds “CARBON TO CARBON BONDS”
Examples of Organic Molecules Acetic acid Benzene ring
Macromolecules Macromolecules are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together Larger molecules are called polymers
PUZZLE…? Monomers Polymers
Carbohydrates Examples Grains Pasta Rice bread Function/Job Store energy Provide structural support
Lipids Examples Fats Oils waxes Function Store energy Provide barriers
Proteins Examples Hemoglobin meats Functions Transport substances Speed reactions Provide structural support Make hormones
Nucleic Acids Examples DNA RNA Functions Store and communicate genetic information
Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms (CH2O) Monosaccharides (small puzzle pieces) are called simple sugars
Many monosaccharides can be linked together to form polysaccharides (completed puzzle) or complex sugars Glycogen is an energy storage form of glucose that is found in liver and skeletal muscle
Roles of Carbohydrates Plants Cellulose structural support Animals Chitin hard outer shell of shrimp, lobsters and some insects
Lipids Composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms Lipids are made up of two parts: Glycerol head and fatty acid chains Glycerol Head Fatty Acid Chains
Roles of Lipids Plants Plant leaves are coated with waxes to prevent water loss Animals Honeycomb in a beehive is made of wax
Types of Lipids Saturated Fats have only single bonds between carbon atoms Unsaturated Fats have at least one double bond between carbon atoms
Phospholipids are responsible for the structure and function of cell membrane Lipids are hydrophobic, which means they do not dissolve in water; this allows lipids to serve as barriers in biological membranes Steroids include cholesterol and hormones Cholesterol provides the starting point for other necessary lipids such as vitamin D and the hormones estrogen & testosterone
Cell Membrane
Proteins Primary building block of living things are proteins Proteins are composed of small carbon compounds called amino acids Amino acids are made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Amino Acid Structure
Amino Acids 20 amino acids 8 are essential for life Where do we get our 8 essential amino acids
Protein Function 15% of your total body mass is made up of protein Muscles, skin, hair Proteins are involved in nearly every function of your body 10,000 different proteins provide structural support, transport substances, communicate signals, speed up chemical reactions, control cell growth
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms Smaller repeating subunits are called nucleotides There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA & RNA