CHAPTER 6 SECTION 4 Macro molecules

Organic Chemistry The element carbon (C) is a component of almost all biological molecules Life on earth is often considered “carbon-based” Covalent bonds allow carbon molecules to bond to each other carbon molecules to produce organic compounds “CARBON TO CARBON BONDS”

Examples of Organic Molecules Acetic acid Benzene ring

Macromolecules Macromolecules are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together Larger molecules are called polymers

PUZZLE…? Monomers Polymers

Carbohydrates Examples  Grains  Pasta  Rice  bread Function/Job  Store energy  Provide structural support

Lipids Examples  Fats  Oils  waxes Function  Store energy  Provide barriers

Proteins Examples  Hemoglobin  meats Functions  Transport substances  Speed reactions  Provide structural support  Make hormones

Nucleic Acids Examples  DNA  RNA Functions  Store and communicate genetic information

Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms (CH2O) Monosaccharides (small puzzle pieces) are called simple sugars

Many monosaccharides can be linked together to form polysaccharides (completed puzzle) or complex sugars  Glycogen is an energy storage form of glucose that is found in liver and skeletal muscle

Roles of Carbohydrates Plants Cellulose  structural support Animals Chitin  hard outer shell of shrimp, lobsters and some insects

Lipids Composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms Lipids are made up of two parts: Glycerol head and fatty acid chains Glycerol Head Fatty Acid Chains

Roles of Lipids Plants Plant leaves are coated with waxes to prevent water loss Animals Honeycomb in a beehive is made of wax

Types of Lipids Saturated Fats  have only single bonds between carbon atoms Unsaturated Fats  have at least one double bond between carbon atoms

Phospholipids  are responsible for the structure and function of cell membrane Lipids are hydrophobic, which means they do not dissolve in water; this allows lipids to serve as barriers in biological membranes Steroids  include cholesterol and hormones Cholesterol provides the starting point for other necessary lipids such as vitamin D and the hormones estrogen & testosterone

Cell Membrane

Proteins Primary building block of living things are proteins Proteins are composed of small carbon compounds called amino acids Amino acids are made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Amino Acid Structure

Amino Acids 20 amino acids 8 are essential for life Where do we get our 8 essential amino acids

Protein Function 15% of your total body mass is made up of protein  Muscles, skin, hair Proteins are involved in nearly every function of your body  10,000 different proteins provide structural support, transport substances, communicate signals, speed up chemical reactions, control cell growth

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms Smaller repeating subunits are called nucleotides There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA & RNA