COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 1 Chapter 7 SUPER’S MODEL OF THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN Curiosity-A basic need Exploration-Home, school, everywhere Information-Piaget, Erikson Key figures -Parents, teachers, public figures Internal versus external control - Self-control Development of interests - Fantasies interact with information Time perspective-Now versus later Self concept and planfulness- Sense of self

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 2 PIAGET’S PERIODS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Sensorimotor (0 to 2) – Infants attend to and respond to objects and events around them Preoperational (2 to 7) – Difficulty telling fantasy from reality Concrete operational (7 to 11) – Think in concrete terms; things must exist Formal operational (12 on) – Think abstractly

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 60 IMAGE NORMS Perceptions of occupational stereotyping One’s physical self image Organizational images (Giannantonio & Hurley-Hanson, 2006) Pd

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 61 HOWARD AND WALSH’S LEVELS OF VOCATIONAL REASONING Level 1 – Pure Association – (age 4) Can give attributes of a job, but little else Level 2 – Magical Thinking – Little knowledge about how work is done or how to enter a profession Level 3 – External Activities – Choice based on activities, children participate in activities

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 5 CONCERNS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN Career development concerns are one type of problem that children encounter at school, others include: Developmental issues Learning problems Neurological problems Medical issues Hunger Unsafe environment Family member’s substance abuse Moving to a new location Bullying Isolation Anger Delaying satisfaction

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 6 GOTTFREDSON’S CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORY BASIC CONCEPTS Self-creation theory – How individuals create themselves and interact with environmental factors such as gender and prestige Circumscription – Various factors limit career choices at different ages Compromise – How an individual modifies choices based on factors such as competitive jobs and insufficient training

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 7 GOTTFREDSON’S SELF-CREATION THEORY Internal compass – Based on genetic features and experiences; guides individuals as they make choices Cognitive map of occupations Compatible – Fits view of oneself Accessible – Occupations one is likely to pursue

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 8 BLOOM’S TAXONOMY 1.Remember – Learn facts 2.Understand – Identify similarities and differences 3.Apply – Make inferences and decisions 4.Analyze – Weigh advantages and disadvantages 5.Evaluate – Make judgments about best decision 6.Create – Make a plan to reach a goal

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 9 SELF- CREATION OVERVIEW Interaction of biological and environmental factors Impact of parents on intellectual ability Vocational interests affected by interaction of biological and environmental factors Nonshared events – Unique, important impact on choices Genes-Drives-Experience Theory – Role of biological factors on our development Internal genetic compass as guide to development Self-concept – Our continuing developmental view of ourselves

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 10 GOTTFREDSON’S VIEW OF FACTORS AFFECTING CAREER DEVELOPMENT Circumscription – Ideas about gender and prestige influence and limit career choices. Compromise – Career choices are modified due to environmental and other factors. Individuals give up interests, prestige, and sex type when compromising.

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 11 GOTTFREDSON’S VIEW OF FACTORS THAT LIMIT OR CIRCUMSCRIBE VOCATIONAL CHOICE Four Stages of Cognitive Development 1. Orientation to size and power – 3 to 5 2. Orientation to gender roles –6 to 8 3. Influence of social class – 9 to Introspection and perceptiveness –14 on

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 12 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROCESS OF COMPROMISE 1.Not knowing enough about how to enter an occupation or get educational information 2.Not knowing how behavior of individuals affects their access to occupational or educational information 3. Need to know which factors young people are most and least willing to give up when they can’t get their first choice

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 13 SCHOOL-TO-WORK IN THE CLASSROOM Films Oral reports Interest centers in the classroom Skits Listing interests, abilities, and occupational descriptions Classroom visits Field trips Day on the job

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 14 Chapter 8 SUPER’S STAGES OF ADOLESCENT CAREER DEVELOPMENT Development of capacities – Range from 11 to 14 Development of values – Different values may emerge at different times Transition to the crystallizing substage

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 15 SUPER’S CAREER MATURITY Five Major Components 1. Orientation to vocational choice, using occupational information 2. Information about planning an occupation 3. Consistency of vocational preference 4. Crystallization of traits 5. The wisdom of vocational preference

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 16 SUPER’S CAREER MATURITY (Career Orientation) Career Development Attitudes Career Planning – How a student feels about information- seeking activities, work, and career planning Career Exploration – Willingness to look for information, how much information student has acquired Career Development Knowledge and Skill Decision Making – Ability to make career plans with knowledge and thought World-of-Work Information – Knowledge of tasks and some occupations, and job application process Knowledge of Preferred Occupational Group – Choose from 20 groups

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 17 MARCIA’S (1989) MODIFICATION OF ERIKSON’S THEORY ( Developed by Vondracek) 1. Diffusion – Few clear ideas about wants, not concerned about future 2. Moratorium – Time taken to explore options and directions 3. Foreclosure – Making a choice without exploring options 4. Achievement – Knowing what one wants and making plans

COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 18 OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION IN ADOLESCENCE Psychtalk – Statements about characteristics about self Occtalk – Statements about occupations