 Imperialism  One nation takes control over another nation politically, economically and/or culturally  Colonialism  Takes control over foreign dependencies  When is this justified? Is this ever justified?

 Why?

 In 1899, British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands”  He urged the US to take on the “burden” of empire (like the British and other nation’s had done)  This poem came out at the same time as the Philippine-American War and the Treaty of Paris ▪ US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and “Cuba”

 Take up the White Man’s burden—  Send forth the best ye breed—  Go send your sons to exile  To serve your captives' need  To wait in heavy harness  On fluttered folk and wild—  Your new-caught, sullen peoples,  Half devil and half child  Take up the White Man’s burden  In patience to abide  To veil the threat of terror  And check the show of pride;  By open speech and simple  An hundred times made plain  To seek another’s profit  And work another’s gain  Take up the White Man’s burden—  And reap his old reward:  The blame of those ye better  The hate of those ye guard—  The cry of hosts ye humour  (Ah slowly) to the light:  "Why brought ye us from bondage,  “Our loved Egyptian night?”  Take up the White Man’s burden-  Have done with childish days-  The lightly proffered laurel,  The easy, ungrudged praise.  Comes now, to search your manhood  Through all the thankless years,  Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom,  The judgment of your peers!

 Take up the White Man’s burden—  Send forth the best ye breed—  Go bind your sons to exile  To serve your captives’ need;  To wait in heavy harness,  On fluttered fold and wild–  Your new-caught, sullen peoples,  Half-devil and half-child

Increasing Industrial Output, CoalSteel million tons850 million tons million tons6,746 million tons million tons24,216 million tons Industry as a Percent of the Economy AgricultureManufacturing and Mining percent33 percent percent58 percent

Image 4 The British Empire – 1900 (all orange territories)

Feeling of superiority (Social Darwinism) Religious zeal Manifest Destiny

 Attitude prevalent during the 19 th century period of American expansion  The US could AND was destined to stretch from coast to coast (Atlantic to Pacific)  Helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal, and the war with Mexico

 Response to Census of 1880 which noted that the American Frontier has ceased to exist.  The Frontier Thesis – Frederick Jackson Turner  “The frontier is a space where individuals and society can be renewed, begin again, and seek out new opportunities.” … The frontier is what makes America special

Increasing Industrial Output, CoalSteel million tons850 million tons million tons6,746 million tons million tons24,216 million tons Industry as a Percent of the Economy AgricultureManufacturing and Mining percent33 percent percent58 percent

 Producing lots of stuff in factories  Need markets & raw materials Increasing Industrial Output, CoalSteel million tons850 million tons million tons6,746 million tons million tons24,216 million tons Industry as a Percent of the Economy AgricultureManufacturing and Mining percent33 percent percent58 percent

Competition with Europe (economically & sense of nationalism) National Security

 Britain had the most colonies around the world, controlled 25% of the world’s land and people  Racist attitudes through minimal contacts with Africans  “non-white races” represented a paradigm of racial “otherness” – physically, mentally, culturally different and inferior  Need for “benevolent guardianship” over other nations

 Alfred Mahan’s ( )  President Naval War College – friendly with TR  1890 The Influence of Sea Power upon History  Those with best navy’s dominated - shipbuilding  Bases Caribbean and Pacific …

 Feeling of superiority (Social Darwinism)  remember “Manifest Destiny”…?  Religious zeal  Running out of room (Frontier Thesis)  Producing lots of stuff in factories (need markets & raw materials)  Competition with Europe (sense of nationalism)  National Security Which are justified? Rank them in order

 How do they justify this?

 Markets  Raw materials  National security  Desire more land  Competition

Social Darwinism  Culture superiority  Economic superiority  Political superiority