Module 7 Sleep and Dreams

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS Different states Consciousness ______________________________________________________________________ Continuum of consciousness __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.) Different states Controlled processes __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Automatic processes Daydreaming ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.) Different states ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.) Different states Sleep and dreams Sleep __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dreaming __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.) Unconscious and Implicit Memory Freud’s theory, when we are faced with very threatening wishes or desires, especially if they are sexual or aggressive defend self-esteem by placing these thoughts in the ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Implicit or Non-declarative Memory

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.) Unconscious _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING Biological clocks (life-time) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Circadian rhythm ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.) Location of biological clocks Supra-chiasmatic nucleus ________________________________________

RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.) Location of biological clocks interval timing clock ______________________________________________ helps creatures time their movements, such as knowing when to start or stop doing some activity _____________________________________________ food-entrainable circadian clock

RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.) Circadian problems and treatments _____________________

WORLD OF SLEEP Stages of sleep distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain and accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different phases of sleep Alpha stage ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep where you spend approximately ____ of your sleep time _______________________________________ identified by particular pattern of brain waves and physiological responses ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep Stage 1 sleep __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep Stage 2 sleep _______________________________________ __________________bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles muscle tension, body temperature and heart rate gradually _______________________________ more difficult ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep Stages 3 and 4 ________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ most difficult to be awakened from heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow to the brain are reduced controls levels of ________________________________________________________________________________

WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) REM sleep makes up the remaining _________ of your sleep time stands for “__________________________” eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids pass into REM sleep about ____________ times throughout the night with about ___________minutes between periods REM sleep remains for about ______________minutes then passes into non-REM sleep

QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP According to a national survey __________________________________________

QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP Why do I sleep? repair theory activities during the day deplete key factors in our brain or body that are replenished or repaired by sleep ________________________________________ adaptive theory ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WORLD OF DREAMS Theories of dream interpretation Freud’s theory of dream interpretation we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing threatening and unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression “censor” protects us from threatening thoughts by transforming our secret, guilt-ridden and anxiety-provoking desires into harmless symbols that appear in our dreams and do not disturb our sleep or conscious thoughts

WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.) Theories of dream interpretation Extensions of Waking Life Theory dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, and emotions that we have when awake Activation-Synthesis Theory dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical and neural influences that result in hallucinations, delusions, high emotions, and bizarre thought patterns that we call dreams

WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.) Typical dreams What do people dream about? ____________________________________ ______________________________________ visual sensation, but rarely sensations of taste, smell, or pain seem bizarre, may include flying or falling without injury may be recurrent (dreams of being threatened, pursued, or trying to hide)

WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.) Typical dreams involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or happiness rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost never about sexual intercourse rarely can we control or dream about something we intend to dream about dreams usually have visual imagery and are in color in sighted people blind people from birth, dream in tactile, olfactory, or gustatory (taste), not visual

APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS Insomnia ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ associated with daytime complaints: ______________________________________

APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.) Nondrug treatment go to bed only when sleepy put light out immediately do not read or watch TV if not asleep in 20 minutes, get out of bed and relax in another room until tired again repeat step 4 as often as required set alarm for same time each morning do not nap during the day follow program rigidly for several weeks Drug treatment

APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.) Drug treatment Benzodiazepines (Dalmane, Xanax, Restoril) ________________________________________ effective in moderate dosages in short term (2-4 weeks) treatment prolonged use in higher dosages may lead to ______________________________________ Non-benzodiazepines (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta) rapidly becoming popular fast acting reduce daytime drowsiness fewer cognitive side effects less likely to lead to dependence

APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.) Sleep Apnea repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer may repeatedly stop breathing, momentarily awake, and then resume sleep results in insomnia, and exhaustion during the day Narcolepsy chronic disorder that is marked by excessive sleepiness form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep throughout the day accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep and loss of muscle control (cataplexy) triggered by emotional change

APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.) Night Terrors occur in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep) frightening experiences that often start with a piercing scream followed by sudden awakening in a fearful state with rapid breathing and increased heart rate usually no memory of experience in the morning Nightmares occur during REM sleep very frightening and anxiety-producing images occur involve great danger upon awakening, person can describe nightmare in great detail

APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.) Sleepwalking occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep) getting up and walking while literally sound asleep have poor coordination clumsy but can avoid objects can engage in limited conversation no memory of sleepwalking