Peter the Great ( ) End of Muscovite Russia Founded St. Petersburg 1703 as “Window on the West,” became capital of Empire 1712 Created “two Russias” : Westernized nobility and old Russian peasantry Put Russian Empire on the map –Defeat of the Swedes at Poltava in 1709 –Created standing army and navy

Catherine the Great ( ) Engendered Russian Intelligentsia Enserfed peasantry Enlightened Russia –Reform of local government –Reform of law courts –Free primary and secondary education –Charter of the Nobility Released nobility from state service Representative bodies of the nobility in each town and province

The Nature of Melancholy The definitory symptoms: symptoms versus signs –Is melancholy and melancholia one and the same? Is melancholia (melancholy) identical with depression? Does melancholy have a “bright side?” Who are the sufferers? Is there a demographic? What are the forms of treatment?

Nikolai Karamzin and Sentimentalism

Melancholia catch-all term that encompassed non- psychotic and less disabling mental disorders that we would now identify as obsessive-compulsive, schizophrenia, personality disorders, hypochondria (somatic disorders), depression, anxiety Also referred to passing moods and in-born dispositions

The gentle mocker of melancholy “I have neither the scholar’s melancholy, which is emulation; nor the musician’s, which is fantastical; nor the courtier’s, which is proud, nor the soldier’s, which is ambitious; nor the lawyer’s, which is politic, nor the lady’s, which is nice, nor the lover’s, which is all of these; but it is a melancholy of mine own, compounded of many simples, extracted from many objects.” - As You Like It (iv. I)

Bliss of Melancholy But when the melancholy fit shall fall Sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud, That fosters the droop-headed flowers all, And hides the green hill in an April shroud; Then glut thy sorrow on a morning rose, Or on the rainbow of the salt sand- wave, Or on the wealth of globed peonies; Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows, Emprison her soft hand, and let her rave, And feed deep, deep upon her peerless eyes.