superoxide dismutase catalase Do not post on Internet Figure 6.1 Page 96 Do not post on Internet

Caenorhabditis elegans Figure 6.2 Page 97

Stepped Art Figure 6.5a,b Page 100 product with more energy (plus by-products 602 and 6H2O) Energy In energy-poor starting substances 6 12 Endergonic reaction Energy Out energy-rich starting substance + 602 products with less energy 6 Exergonic reaction Stepped Art Figure 6.5a,b Page 100

Stepped Art Figure 6.5c,d Page 100 Energy input required Potential energy released Stepped Art Figure 6.5c,d Page 100

Energy Releasing Reactions ATP Forms Energy Requiring Reactions Cellular Work Figure 6.6a Page 101

nucleotide base (adenine) three phosphate groups sugar (ribose) Figure 6.6b Page 101

Stepped Art Figure 6.6c Page 101 AMP adenine ribose ADP P ATP P Stepped Art Figure 6.6c Page 101

ATP energy output energy input ADP + Pi In-text figure Page 101

ADP Pi energy input energy output ATP Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ ADP Pi energy input energy output ATP Figure 6.7 Page 101

Linear Pathway: F A B C D E Cyclic Pathway: G H I A B C D E F Branching Pathway: K J M L N Stepped Art Figure 6.8 Page 102

Relative Concentration Relative Concentration of Reaction Relative Concentration of Product Highly Spontaneous Equilibrium Highly Spontaneous Figure 6.9 Page 103

Glucose-1-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Figure 6.10 Page 103

Figure 6.11a,b Page 104 H2 1/2 O2 2H+ 2e- H2O 1. Water molecules split; hydrogen ions, electrons, oxygen released electric spark 3. Some released energy is used to make ATP Explosive release of energy as heat cannot be harnessed for cellular work 2. Electrons transferred through an electron transfer system Figure 6.11a,b Page 104

electron transfer chains sunlight H+ concentration and electric gradients build up and are used to drive ATP formation H2O e- electron transfer chains (dark green) NADP+ NADPH Figure 6.11c Page 104

starting substance activation energy without enzyme activation energy with enzyme energy released by the reaction products Figure 6.12a Page 105 forward reaction

ENZYME! Figure 6.12b Page 105

Stepped Art Figure 6.14 Page 107 Action of catalase histidine hydrogen peroxide heme group Stepped Art Figure 6.14 Page 107

Stepped Art Figure 6.15a,b Page 108 allosteric inhibitor allosteric binding site vacant; active site can bind substrate active site altered, can’t bind substrate Allosteric inhibition allosteric activator enzyme active site vacant allosteric binding site active site cannot bind substrate active site altered, can bind substrate Allosteric activation Stepped Art Figure 6.15a,b Page 108

END PRODUCT (tryptophan) Feedback Inhibition enzyme 2 enzyme 3 enzyme 4 enzyme 5 Excess end product molecules bind with molecules of enzyme 1. The greater the excess, the more enzyme molecules are inhibited and the greater the decrease in tryptophan synthesis. enzyme 1 END PRODUCT (tryptophan) SUBSTRATE Figure 6.16 Page 108

Feedback inhibition animation. Click to view animation. Animation

Figure 6.17b Page 109

Figure 6.17c Page 109

Do not post on Internet Figure 6.19c Page 110 Firefly Luciferase