More movement terms Elevation: act of raising or lifting a body part Example – ribs/breathing, shoulders/shrugging Depression: Act of lowering a body part Rotation is a circular movement around an axis An axis is an imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body. Rotation turns a bone on its own axis Circumduction: circular (more correctly, conical) movement at the far end of a limb.

More Terms of Movement Supination: rotating the arm or leg so that the palm/sole is turned upward Pronation: rotating arm or leg so the palm/sole is turned downward or backward Dorsiflexion: movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle Plantar flexion: movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

How Muscles are Named Origin – where the muscle begins (closest to the midline; less moveable) Insertion – where the muscle ends (farther from midline; more moveable) Location: pectoralis major – pectoral means relating to the chest Lateralis – toward the side Medialis – toward the midline Sternocleidomastoid muscle Connects at: Sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process below the ear

More on how muscles are named Fiber direction Oblique – slanted or at an angle Rectus – straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body Sphincter- Ring-like structure that constricts the opening of a passageway Transverse: crosswise direction Number of divisions (biceps = bi- two, -ceps head or triceps tri-three) Size or shape: gluteus maximus is the largest muscle of the buttock. Deltoid is shaped like a triangle which is the Greek letter delta

Muscles or muscle groups to Know Biceps (Anterior arm proximal to the elbow) Triceps (Posterior arm proximal to the elbow) Pectorals (Chest) Deltoid (shoulder) Rectus Abdominis (stomach/abdominals) Gluteus Maximus (butt) Quadriceps (anterior thigh) Lattisimus dorsi (back) Gastrocnemius (calf) Trapezius (Low neck to shoulder) Hamstrings (posterior thigh)

Medical Specialties Exercise physiologist – works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness Neurologist – physician specializing in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function Physiatrist – physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with a focus on restoring function.

Pathology of fibers, fascia and tendons Fasciitis (fas-ee-EYE-tis): inflammation of fascia Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon Tendinitis: AKA tendonitis – inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

Syndromes Fibromyalgia syndrome: debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse or specific muscle, joint or bone pain Chronic fatigue syndrome – disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems. Many symptoms are similar to fibromyalgia syndrome. Profound fatigue not improved with rest and exacerbated by physical/mental activity

Muscle Disorders Adhesion: when a band of fibrous tissue holds structures together abnormally. Atrophy: weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures (from pathology or disuse)

Muscle Disorders Myocele: herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it Hernia: Protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it. Myolysis: Degeneration of muscle tissue

More Disorders Polymyositis – inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body; mainly affecting the torso. Sarcopenia – Loss of muscle mass, strength and function that come with aging. Weight training can improve muscle mass and slow this process

Muscle Tone ...is the state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation)that makes normal posture, coordination and movement possible Atonic: LACKING normal muscle tone or strength Dystonia: ABNORMAL muscle tone that causes impaired voluntary muscle movement Hypotonia: DIMINISHED tone of skeletal muscles