HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The American Nation HOLT IN THE MODERN ERA 1 Chapter 17 THE ROAD TO WAR Section 1: The Search for Peace Section 2: Relations with Latin America Section 3: The Rise of Militarism Section 4: War Breaks Out

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The American Nation HOLT IN THE MODERN ERA 2 Objectives: How did Benito Mussolini create a fascist state in Italy? How did Benito Mussolini create a fascist state in Italy? How did Joseph Stalin maintain power in the Soviet Union? How did Joseph Stalin maintain power in the Soviet Union? How did Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany? How did Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany? What caused the Spanish Civil War? What caused the Spanish Civil War? What actions did Japan’s military take during the 1930s? What actions did Japan’s military take during the 1930s? Section 3: The Rise of Militarism

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The American Nation HOLT IN THE MODERN ERA 3 Mussolini in Italy led Fascists to power against Communists led Fascists to power against Communists used Blackshirts to occupy Rome, with support of nationalists and industrialists used Blackshirts to occupy Rome, with support of nationalists and industrialists got appointed prime minister and given dictatorial powers got appointed prime minister and given dictatorial powers limited freedom of speech and voting rights limited freedom of speech and voting rights arrested opponents arrested opponents Section 3: The Rise of Militarism

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The American Nation HOLT IN THE MODERN ERA 4 Stalin in the Soviet Union seized private land and collectivized agriculture seized private land and collectivized agriculture sent opponents to forced labor camps sent opponents to forced labor camps used police and army to suppress dissent used police and army to suppress dissent purged the party and the army of opposition purged the party and the army of opposition Section 3: The Rise of Militarism

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The American Nation HOLT IN THE MODERN ERA 5 Hitler in Germany Hitler won support by blaming Jews, Communists, and intellectuals for Germany’s decline. Hitler won support by blaming Jews, Communists, and intellectuals for Germany’s decline. In 1932, 40 percent of the vote in national elections went to the Nazi Party. In 1932, 40 percent of the vote in national elections went to the Nazi Party. Hitler was appointed chancellor and claimed dictatorial powers. Hitler was appointed chancellor and claimed dictatorial powers. Hitler crushed political opposition. Hitler crushed political opposition. Section 3: The Rise of Militarism

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The American Nation HOLT IN THE MODERN ERA 6 Causes of the Spanish Civil War In 1931, Spain adopted a new constitution limiting the power of the military and of the Catholic Church. In 1931, Spain adopted a new constitution limiting the power of the military and of the Catholic Church. The new constitution called for universal suffrage, nationalization of public utilities, and land for peasants. The new constitution called for universal suffrage, nationalization of public utilities, and land for peasants. Conservative military men felt threatened by the populist reforms. Conservative military men felt threatened by the populist reforms. In 1936, Fascist army officers led by Franco began to try to overthrow the government. In 1936, Fascist army officers led by Franco began to try to overthrow the government. Section 3: The Rise of Militarism

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The American Nation HOLT IN THE MODERN ERA 7 Japan’s military during the 1930s built up naval forces in violation of Washington Conference pledges built up naval forces in violation of Washington Conference pledges invaded Manchuria invaded Manchuria clashed with Chinese troops near Beijing clashed with Chinese troops near Beijing occupied northern China occupied northern China launched bombing raids against Chinese cities launched bombing raids against Chinese cities occupied Nanjing occupied Nanjing