Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The World in 1450: Changing Balance of World Power 15

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Focus of this chapter I.While far from being the global world of today, the world of 1450 was becoming increasingly global- The text refers to a process of proto-globalization II.Some of the most advanced cultures of the earth either were in decline or chose to pull back from global interaction- Who would assume the role of global mix- master? III.Measuring balance of power: How can historians assess the global balance of power? IV.History and identity: Do we in America become partisans of western history? What is the cost of atoning for a tradition of Euro-centrism in world history V.Periodization- How do historians organize periods of history?

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The World to Europe in 1450

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert States and non-States Notice that most of the earth was not organized under sedentary states with established governments

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The World in 1750 Notice how European states would assume sovereignty over the non-state lands of 1450

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Transformation in Islamic Culture Significant political shifts in the Islamic Heartland (Middle East and North Africa) –Mongols shattered the political power of Arab power in most of the Asiatic Middle East (preserved in north Africa via Mamlukes in Egypt) –The Turks would assume political control of the Islamic Heartland by through 1918 Byzantine Empire declines and disappears as a state by 1453 (Constantinople falls to Turks) Islam continued to be an important identity for most people in the region- Reform movements and desire to return to a golden age of the Abasaids

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Decline of Islamic Rationalism Islamic traditions of supporting and advancing Greek rationalism declined –Sufi movement grows- emotional union with God –God beyond human reason –Exploration in material science declined –Muslim Spain stood apart from this tradition  Very important in Spanish culture though viewed as cultural enemies by Christian Spain- Identity and history  Muslims driven from Spain by 1492

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming China at a Crossroads Ming Dynasty restored Chinese rule to China (1368 to –Expanded and secured borders –Revived Tang Dynasty dynamism A great wave of exploration might have changed the course of history… –Might the Americas been populated by Chinese rather than European immigrants? –Might Buddhism rather than Christianity become the world’s most common religion? –Might it be an over-populated Europe trying to catch up with the material wealth of China or a Sinified America? –Might the capital of Ohio be Zheng He?

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Interesting and Impossible Questions These questions are significant… –China embarked on a period of exploration early in the Ming Dynasty ( ) –Chinese exploration would bring a significantly greater amount of resources to the problem of exploration than any single of combination of European states could marshal These questions are impossible… –Answers to counterfactual questions can not be supported with evidence. –History is the result of an infinite rage of causes, not just one or two

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming Outreach Muslim imperial eunuch Zheng He commanded a huge fleet that explored and traded an expansive area on the Indian Ocean May have ventured to the Americas- Scholars alter suppressed Zheng He’s travelogue Trade and tribute gathered from India and Africa Largest and most sophisticated ships at the time At this time, Europeans were venturing cautious routes along Africa’s north-west coast

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Voyages of Zheng He

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Comparison: Zheng He and Columbus Zheng He’s fleet –62 ships –28,000 men Columbus’ fleet –3 ships (much smaller than Zheng’s treasurer ships –88 men The historical impact of these voyages defies the commitment of resources

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming Outreach Interrupted Many factors worked against the continuation of Ming exploration –Costs- Ming were more interested in defense against Mongols and building new capital on Beijing –Confucian scholars felt threatened by expansion- reports were repressed –Low status of merchants and trade Chinese merchants would range southeast Asia, but without state support

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The West and the World on the Eve of Early Modern History The decline of feudal power at the hands of monarchs created increasingly centralized states and state bureaucracies –Eclipsing secular authority of church –Centralizing resources –Alliance with mercantile class- support of trade rather than landed wealth Rivalries between states- military and support of mercantile interests Continuing proselytizing spirit of Christianity –Push back Islam

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Impact on External History on Europe’s Emerging National States Mongol Empire connected Europe to technologies of the east –Printing press –Gun powder –Magnetic compass Taste for eastern luxuries and European gold drain Decline of Pax Mongolia of Central Eurasia and rise of Ottoman power generated economic interest in new trade routes

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Europe’s Access to Global Recources ca 1450 Europe’s access to desired resources was indirect in 1450

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The intellectual Movement Supporting Europe’s Global Rise The rise of trade and interest in the material (as compared to spiritual) aspects of life generated the intellectual movement known as the Renaissance Renaissance (rebirth) belief that European intellectual life had died following the decline of classical civilization rebirth of classical values Did not mark an abandonment of Christian values Focus on the experience of life on earth- humanism Began in Italy-near classical core and where trade was most developed –A movement in arts and literature as well as other intellectual pursuits –Impacted upper classes and government more than the masses –Italian city-states provided the model adopted by many emerging nations of Europe

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Italy, Iberia and the Western Navigation The nations of Iberia (Spain and Portugal) would be the first European states to lead trans-oceanic exploration in Europe –United by a common religious identity vis a vis Muslim rule- Reconquista –Both states were compelled to expand against their Muslim neighbors Need to gather and develop the technological and geographic knowledge to support navigation beyond coastline –Both states would draw upon Italian navigators

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Henry the Navigator Portuguese prince became a patron of navigation innovation Motivation –Scientific and intellectual (he was a student of astronomy and navigation) –Practical/ financial –Religious Outcome –Portuguese discover and develop island colonies off the coast of Africa  Models for future colonial expansion (particularly sugar plantations run on slave labor)  Success motivated more exploration Focus on reaching eastern riches by sailing around Africa –Achieved by Vasco da Gama by 1498 with help from Arab navigators in east Africa

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Success: A Water Route to the East

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Eve of the European Age The seeds of a European Age of World History were sown –Mercantile spirit supported by the resources of increasingly unified states –Emerging intellectual confidence and global outlook by elites –Concentration of technical and geographic knowledge China turns back from exploration and the Middle East becomes less innovative and outward Visualizing the Past p 341- What does this tell us about the global balance of power?

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Other Emerging Oceanic Networks The Polynesian Expansion –Last inhabitable islands of the vast Pacific found and settled by Polynesian colonists  Settlers brought their cultures to distant islands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Assuming the Mandate of Heaven: The Yuan Dynasty Mongol conquest of the remainder of China took nearly 50 years ( ) Established his capital at Dadu (Now Beijing) Attempted to retain separate culture for ruling Mongols while respecting Chinese culture –Independence of Mongol women a particular contrast with Chinese gender patterns during the Song dynasty –Supported merchants and trade (traditionally held in low esteem by Confucianists) Opened Chinese more to the rest of the world

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Yuan Dynasty Mongols ruled most all of contemporary China as the Yuan dynasty from 1279 to 1368 Confucian trained scholars continued to advise the Yuan emperors but Ethnic Chinese had a direct hand in only local affairs Most Chinese never accepted Mongol rule (they were seen as outsiders) Mongol leaders of China would eventually become Buddhists but all religions tolerated

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Western View of the Yuan: Marco Polo Kublai Khan’s policy of openness and engagement along with Pax Mongolia permitted Venetian merchant Marco Polo to live in China for decades as an advisor to the emperor Polo’s book about his travels incited Europe’s Reading activity: Marco Polo

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The End of Yuan China Chinese scholar-gentry looked at Yuan government as barbarian usurpers Mongol’s failed attempts to seize Japan weakened image of Mongol invincibility Corruption and high taxes support popular discontent Rebellion led by poor peasant (orphaned and wandering beggar) Zhu Yanzhang Emperor Hongwu reestablish Chinese role- Ming Dynasty ( )

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Population and the Mandate of Heaven

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mongols and the Human Web Mongols created a unity and order in Eurasia in a remarkably short period of time Created the political space for interaction between all of Eurasia’s major civilizations Promoted trade of products and ideas between cultures Mongols had little direct cultural impact on peoples they ruled or dominated Decline of Mongol’s Eurasian order would inspire Europeans to find sea routes to the east

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Timur and the Last Nomadic Disruption Turkic group from Central Asia responsible for the last major Nomadic incursion in World History –Tamerlane (Timer the Lame) led an invasion from modern Uzbekistan to conquer Mesopotamia, Persia, Northern India, Syria –Unmatched in brutality until 20 th Century –Brief violent reign had little long-term impact Political developments and technology would limit the impact of future pastoral intrusions on settled societies- impact local