ESL 116G May 28, 2013

1. Trade skeleton drafts with a partner 2. Read your partner’s draft carefully 3. After you have read the draft, answer the questions on the handout in your own words. (Try to do this without referring to the draft) 4. Give your handout and the draft back to your partner and discuss any unclear points

What is the effect of these two ways of citing the previous literature? 1. The term mentor has an inherently positive connotation (Schlosser & Gelso, 2001). 2. Schlosser & Gelso (2001) found that the term mentor has an inherently positive connotation.

Non-integral citation—no specific study mentioned in the sentence  Focus is on research findings  Tends to use present simple tense  Can indicate general agreement/acceptance of the research finding Integral citation—specific study mentioned in the sentence  Focus is on researcher actions  Tends to use past simple or present perfect tense

Look through the sample literature review and find at least one instance of an integral citation and a non- integral citation. Discuss the following questions with a classmate: 1. Why do you think the writer chose to use this citation pattern in this context? 2. How would changing the citation pattern change the meaning or connotation?

Multiple studies have shown that three verb tenses account for 98 % of tensed verbs in academic writing  Present simple (about 70%)  He explains.  It is explained.  Past simple (about 23%)  He explained.  It was explained.  Present perfect (about 5%)  He has explained.  It has been explained.

Which verb tense to use in a lit review depends on:  Whether you want to focus on researcher activity or findings  How generally accepted a statement is in your field  If you want to show agreement with or doubt of a previous study  Whether you are citing one study or many  Whether the verb is a linking verb (be, seem), an action verb (examine, study, find), or a reporting verb (argue, state, claim)  What other tenses you have used (for establishing patterns or creating variety)

We believe, as do many others (e.g., Gelso, 1979, 1993, 1997; Gelso & Lent, 2000; Magoon & Holland, 1984; Schlosser, 2002; Schlosser & Gelso, 2001), that the graduate advising relationship can profoundly affect a psychology graduate student’s professional development within and even beyond her or his training program. This is because advisors typically facilitate their advisees’ progress through the program, work with students on research requirements (i.e., theses and dissertations), and serve in other capacities for their students... What does the use of the present simple tense signal here?

 Denotes generally accepted knowledge about a research area  Used in non-integral citations  Used to introduce evidence or support in There + be constructions (i.e. There is significant evidence...”  Can signal your agreement with the general results of a previous study  In some fields, present simple is used for reporting verbs (verbs of saying or thinking)

Schlosser and Gelso (2001) constructed and validated the Advisory Working Alliance Inventory (AWAI), a paper- and-pencil, self-report measure to assess the working alliance between the advisor and advisee from the advisee’s perspective. The advisory working alliance was defined as “that portion of the relationship that reflects the connection between advisor and advisee that is made during work toward common goals” (p. 158). That study provided initial evidence of the importance of the working alliance in the graduate advising relationship. What does the use of the past simple tense signal here?

 Used to introduce a specific study with a named researcher (integral citation)  Used with verbs that focus on researchers’ actions (investigated, found, documented, etc...)  Usually required after any adverbial phrase that refers to a past point in time.  In 1997  Prior to 2000  Previously

Before proceeding, however, we believe it is important to distinguish between mentoring and advising. This distinction is important to make because the construct of mentoring has received a fair amount of attention in the literature (e.g., Hollingsworth & Fassinger, 2002; Russell & Adams, 1997), and mentoring has been suggested as an important aspect of protégé´ professional development (Gelso & Lent, 2000). We do not, however, see advising and mentoring as synonymous. What does the use of the present perfect tense signal here?

 Used to summarize previous research using general subjects (Previous research has found)  Used to describe previous findings without referring to a specific paper (It has been shown that...)  Used to indicate a connection between past research (what has been done) and present research (what I will do) – indicating the gap  Occasionally used to describe a particular scholar’s research career (Swales’ work has mostly focused on genre analysis)  Usually required after time markers referring to a period of time starting the past and continuing to the present  In recent years...  In the past fifteen years...

 Present simple – What is generally known and accepted now  Past simple – What specific previous researcher have done  Present perfect – What are research traditions and trends that connect to the present research

Complete the literature review by choosing the form of the verb in parentheses that you think is most appropriate in the context. Because multiple verb forms are grammatically acceptable, you should be able to explain why you chose the form you did.