© T. M. Whitmore TODAY Population Geography of LA continued  Demography – age structure  Geographic distribution of population  Urbanization  Roots of urban growth  Pluses & minuses of urban growth  The urban dual economy

© T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME Agricultural and Rural Development Issues  Internal colonization  Amazonia continued Amazonian & tropical deforestation Contemporary agriculture in LA Population Geography of LA

© T. M. Whitmore Demography: Review Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) - AKA “growth”  CBR - CDR = RNI (assumes no migration) in a given year Total Fertility (birth) Rate (TFR)  = average total number of births to a woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR) Mortality (Life Expectancy at Birth)  “life expectancy at birth” (E o ) = AVERAGE projected span of life at the date for a pop Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)  # deaths of infants (< 1yr)/1000 live births in a given yr

© T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - youth Youthful pops: % of pop < 15 years old USA 20% World 29%  Lesser developed World 32% - 35%  More Developed World ~ 17% Latin America 30%  Central America with Mexico 34%  Caribbean 29%  South America 29% Latin American extremes & consequences

© T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - aged Aged pops: (> 65) USA 12% World 7%  Lesser developed World 5% Latin America 6%  Central America with Mexico 5%  Caribbean 8%  South America 6% Latin American extremes & consequences

© T. M. Whitmore Population age structures Population pyramidpyramid Concept of dependency ratio  (pop aged pop aged 65+) *100/ Pop age USA dependency ratio  100*(20% +12%)/68% = 47  Developing world dependency ratio  100*(32% + 5%)/63% = 59 Latin America dependency ratio  100*(30% + 6%)/64% = 56

© T. M. Whitmore

Geographic distribution of population High density zones High Low density zones Low  South America’s “empty heart”  Arid zones in N Mexico & Southern Cone

© T. M. Whitmore Urbanization Proportion of a country’s pop living in cities  World = 48%  Global South = 41-42%  Global North = 77%  USA = 79%  LA = 76% Extremes in LA Large city urbanization in LA (% in cities > 1 million)

© T. M. Whitmore Urbanization II Mega-cities  Emerging Megalopolis zones  Central Mexico Central Mexico  South Brazil triangle & Río de la Plata South Brazil triangle Concept of primacy  Single city in a country that dominates in pop, culture, economic development, etc.  Examples:  Santo Domingo  Guatemala City  Mexico City  Lima

LA cities in World’s top 100 (19 of the top 100)

© T. M. Whitmore Roots of urban growth Demographic  R—to—Urban migration  Natural increase Economic  Industrialization  Rural stagnation Organizations  Banks and governments

© T. M. Whitmore Benefits from urban growth Efficient provision of social services Cities are centers of information flow and knowledge Concentrated (and better educated?) labor pool Physical infrastructure often better Cities concentrate “human capital” Cities are a huge internal markets Easier linkages between industries Cities are often “better off”

© T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth I Housing  First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums  Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city Elite  Often close juxtaposition of rich and poorjuxtaposition

© T. M. Whitmore Elite housing, Santo Domingo

Mexico City country club

Mexican stock exchange

© T. M. Whitmore Wealthy homes in Morelia

© Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Elite house Cuidad Juarez

© W.H. Freeman & Co.

© T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth II Self-help (often squatter) “slum” housing  Favelas (Brazil), colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.  2 nd destination of R migrant  Seen as places of permanence  25-40% of total pop in some cities  Initially settlements lack infrastructure  A main characteristic is improvement

Planned new housing area in Mexico City

Nezahualcoyotl: Planned housing area in Mexico City

Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people

Squatter housing in Mexico City

Mexico City inner city

© Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Squatters outside Lima

© W.H. Freeman & Co.

© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR

© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Lima

© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico

© T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Saltillo

© T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

© T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, complex has more than 10,000!

Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish

© T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth III Subsidy and Sink effects Congestion Pollution Loss of urban open space Poor provision of basic servicesservices Export of problems Poverty generally Employment not always good

Mexico City on a rare clear day

More typical Mexico City day

© T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

© T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

© T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

© T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

© T. M. Whitmore The urban economy Dual system Dual  Formal Formal  corporate, government, commerce, and major businesses  Minority of jobs?  Informal Informal  services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.  Majority of jobs?

© T. M. Whitmore

Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa

Informal sector economy

© T. M. Whitmore

Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers