Carbon Compounds Chapter 2-3

Carbon Compounds Organic chemistry = study of carbon compoundsOrganic chemistry = study of carbon compounds –Carbon can bond with many other elements (hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, etc…) –Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms –No other element comes close to matching carbon’s versatility

Macromolecules Carbon often forms long chains of atoms.Carbon often forms long chains of atoms. These “giant molecules” are called macromolecules.These “giant molecules” are called macromolecules. These macromolecules are formed through a process called polymerization (monomers link together to form polymers)These macromolecules are formed through a process called polymerization (monomers link together to form polymers)

Types of Organic Compounds There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things:There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things: –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Nucleic Acids –Proteins

Carbohydrates Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in ratios of 1:2:1Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in ratios of 1:2:1 Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates = sugarsCarbohydrates = sugars Simple carbs supply immediate energy for all cell activities.Simple carbs supply immediate energy for all cell activities. Complex carbs (starches) store extra sugar for living things.Complex carbs (starches) store extra sugar for living things.

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides = single sugar moleculesMonosaccharides = single sugar molecules –Examples: glucose, sucrose, fructose Polysaccharides = large chains of sugarPolysaccharides = large chains of sugar –Examples: glycogen (animal starch) and cellulose (plant starch)

Lipids Made of extremely long chains of carbon and hydrogenMade of extremely long chains of carbon and hydrogen Examples: fats, oils, waxesExamples: fats, oils, waxes Lipids can be used to store energy.Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

Nucleic Acids Macromolecules made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorusMacromolecules made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Nucleic acids are put together by monomers called nucleotides.Nucleic acids are put together by monomers called nucleotides. The most famous nucleic acid is DNA.The most famous nucleic acid is DNA.

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: –a 5-carbon sugar –a phosphate group –a nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) base

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information.Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information. There are 2 kinds of nucleic acids:There are 2 kinds of nucleic acids: –Ribonucleic acid (RNA), which contains the sugar ribose –Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the sugar deoxyribose

Proteins Macromolecules made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenMacromolecules made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids. There are more than 20 different amino acids found in nature.There are more than 20 different amino acids found in nature.

Proteins Proteins help to:Proteins help to: –Carry out chemical reactions –Transport small molecules in and out of cells –Fight diseases

Proteins Some proteins (enzymes) control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.Some proteins (enzymes) control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some are used to form bones and muscles.Some are used to form bones and muscles.

Conclusion These four organic macromolecules are found in all living things:These four organic macromolecules are found in all living things: –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Nucleic Acids –Proteins