2 Youth unemployment rate Percentage of the labour force aged 15/16-24, Q Q Countries shown by ascending order of the youth unemployment rates in Q * Selected urban areas for China; 2007/08 for India and Q for South Africa /12 for India; 2010 for China; Q for Argentina; and Q for Brazil, Indonesia, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Source: OECD calculations based on OECD Short-Term Labour Market Statistics Database ; ILO, Short-term Indicators of the labour Market; Census data for China and National Sample Survey for India. Many youth are unemployed or inactive and not involved in education

3 Incidence of temporary employment, 2013 As a percent of all employees in each group a *: Selected urban areas only. a)Youth aged and adults aged 25 and over. Source: OECD estimates. Job quality is often poor for youth and skills mismatch is frequent Incidence of informal employment, 2011 As a percent of all employees in each group a

Important to assess impact of recent G20 youth initiatives 4 Better youth employment outcomes essential for growth and social cohesion G20 countries have taken important commitments and actions on youth welcome Quality apprenticeships/internships can play an important role But more needs to be done Short-term measures to tackle high youth unemployment Long-term measures to improve skills and access to quality jobs See: OECD and ILO (2014), Promoting Better Labour Market Outcomes for Youth, report prepared for the G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial Meeting, Melbourne, September 2014.

Source: OECD estimates. Large gender gaps remain in labour participation, access to quality jobs and pay 5 Participation rate -26% points Employment rate -26% points Incidence of self- employment -3.5% points Earnings -19% Gender gaps for the G20 median economy

The labour force projections are based on population projections for persons aged years, by 5-year age group. 1. Baseline : Participation rates are projected by assuming that labour force entry and exit rates by gender and 5-year age groups remain constant at their average value over the period ( for China). 2. Closing the gender gap: The gender gap in participation for the working-age population (15-64) in 2012 is assumed to narrow by 25% by 2025, 50% by 2040 and 75% by Source: OECD projections based on the OECD Population and Demography database and the OECD Employment database. Gradually closing gender gaps would boost growth and well-being in G20 countries Impact of closing the gender gap in participation on G20 labour force growth, Millions 6

Promote entrepreneurship Comprehensive policies are needed to improve access to quality jobs for women Eliminate unequal treatment Make work pay and improve job quality Promote gender equality 7 See : OECD, ILO, IMF and World Bank (2014), Achieving Stronger Growth by Promoting a More Gender-Balanced Economy, report prepared for the G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial Meeting, Melbourne, September

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