Macromolecules

 Monomers make up polymers (macromolecules)

Polymerization  Polymerization: Smaller units called monomers join together to make polymers

1. Carbohydrates  -They are made of: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1  -Are sugars (words ending in “ose”)  -Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants use carbs for structural purposes.

Simple Sugars (Monosaccharides & Disaccharides)  -The human body can only use sugar in the simplest form (monosaccharides).  examples: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6,), galactose, fructoseC H O  Disaccharides are double sugars.  examples: -sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) consists of glucose and fructose. “-ose” and “saccharide” mean SUGAR lactose consists of galactose and glucose

Polysaccharide  One polysaccharide = Many monosaccharides  Plants store sugar in polysaccharides known as starches  Animals store sugar in polysaccharides known as glycogen

2. Lipids  Monomers: Glycerol & Fatty Acids  NOT soluble in water (insoluble)  3 categories: fats, oils, waxes  Store energy, & important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.  Examples: steroids, hormones (chemical messengers), fat, oil, soap

Monomers of Lipids

Saturated VS Unsaturated

3. Nucleic Acids  -Nucleic acids are polymers made from monomers called nucleotides.

Examples of Nucleic Acids? We all contain them….

Nucleic Acid = DNA, RNA,…

4. Protein  -Proteins are polymers of monomers called amino acids.  In living things, proteins make up cellular structures. Also, enzymes are proteins.

Protein Shape  The shape of a protein is extremely important. The function of a protein is based on it’s shape!  Enzymes (a protein) speed up chemical processes in the body.  What happens if the enzyme is denatured (changes shape)?  “Ase” means enzyme. Ex. Lactase (breaks down lactose)

To Review…  What is a monomer? What is a polymer?  What are the 4 macromolecules & their monomers?  What macromolecule is an enzyme?

Polymerization  Get 2 dixi cups and 2 spoons.  In Cup 1: Add 3 teaspoons of glue and 3 teaspoons of water.  In Cup 2: Add 1 small teaspoon of borax and 3 teaspoons of water.  Bring back to your group. Mix both cups VERY WELL.  SLOWLY add borax/water little by little into glue/water.  Why does this happen??

Polymerization

Enzymes!