Oliver Thomas

Atoms Unable to be cut Basic unit of matter Made of protons, neutrons, and electrons Protons are positive Neutrons carry no charge Electrons are negative

Elements and Isotopes More then 100 Represented by one or two letter symbols Different numbers of neutrons Identified by their mass numbers Some are radioactive Can be dangours

Chemical Compounds Formed by two or more in definite proportions

Chemical Bonds Main types are ionic bonds and covalent bonds Ionic Bon- The are created by one or more are transferred from one atom to another Covalent bonds-Created when electrons are shared between atoms

The Water Molecule Like molecules, water molecules are neutral. A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Solutions and Suspensions Water is not always pure-it is often found as part of a mixture. A mixture is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined.

The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Each electron can join with an electron from another atom to form a strong covalent bond. Carbon can bond with many elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.

Macromolecules Macromolecules are made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

Lipids Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof cover

Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. There are two kinds of nucleic acids- Ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonnucleic

Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.

Chemical Reactions Chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products

Energy In Reactions Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.

Enzymes Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that place in cells. Enzymes are very specific, generally catalyzing only one chemical reaction

Enzymes Action Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react.