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Carbohydrates Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 Carbohydrates can exist as 1) monosaccharides (simple sugar) 2) disaccharides (double sugar) 3) polysaccharides (“many” sugars) Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 Carbohydrates can exist as 1) monosaccharides (simple sugar) 2) disaccharides (double sugar) 3) polysaccharides (“many” sugars)

Glucose is a very important sugar to living things. Glucose, hence carbohydrates, are the most important source of energy for our cells.

Monosaccharides- simple sugars Glucose Fructose Galactose They can be combined to form a disaccharide by a ? reaction. CONDENSATION

Isomers- same formula but slightly different structure glucose C 6 H 12 O 6

Polysaccharides & examples Composed of three or more monosaccharides especially glucose 1) glycogen 2) starch Animals store glucose as glycogen.

Plants store glucose as starch. Another large polysaccharide is cellulose

Proteins Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Proteins make up hair, skin, muscles, enzymes, and horns

Amino acids- the building block or subunit of proteins There are 20 amino acids and they are linked together by peptide bonds to form proteins. A ? reaction is the process that links them together. CONDENSATION

A peptide bond forms between 2 amino acids… The peptide bond forms between the C, H, N, O.

Happy Halloween!!!!

Amino acids are linked together to form a protein chain alanine arginine asparagine aspartic acid cysteine glutamic acid glutamine glycine histidine hydroxyproline isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine proline serine threonine tryptophan tyrosine valine Almost all of them end in ‘ine’ The chain then folds into various shapes.

The Structure of One Amino Acid Each amino acid has a different “R” group. The “R” group gives different proteins different shapes and therefore different functions.

Enzymes are Protein Enzymes are molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems They make reactions go faster by reducing activation energy They lower activation energy by linking to a substrate and weakening the bonds within that substrate

Induced Fit Model (shows how enzymes work)

Another view…

There are 3 basic steps of enzyme action: 1) A substrate attaches to the active site of an enzyme. 2) The enzyme changes shape weakening the bonds of the substrate. 3) The substrate turns into something different (products) and is released from the enzyme.

About enzymes They may not work if the temperature or the pH is not right. Enzymes are very specific for the reactions they control. Without enzymes, reactions would go too slowly to support life processes.