Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 3: Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent Section 1 Geography of the Fertile Crescent

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Geography of the Fertile Crescent The valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were the site of the world’s first civilizations. Main Ideas The rivers of Southwest Asia supported the growth of civilizations. New farming techniques led to the growth of cities. The Big Idea

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Main Idea 1: Rivers Support the Growth of Civilization  Early people settled where crops would grow, which was near rivers.  The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are the most important physical features of the region known as Mesopotamia.  Farm settlements in Mesopotamia eventually developed into civilizations.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Land Between Two Rivers  Mesopotamia means “between the rivers” in Greek.  Mesopotamia is part of a larger area of rich farmland called the Fertile Crescent, that extends from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea.  Mesopotamia was divided into two regions in ancient times: northern and southern Mesopotamia.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance  Hunter-gatherer groups settled in Mesopotamia more than 12,000 years ago.  Annual floods on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers brought silt that made the land ideal for farming.  Silt is a mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks.  Plentiful food led to population growth and the formation of villages, and later into the world’s first civilizations. Rise of Civilizations

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Main Idea 2: Farming and Cities – Controlling Water  Region receives very little rain and flooding was unpredictable.  Farmers used irrigation and canals as a way to control river flow. A way of supplying water to an area of land Human-made waterways Canals Irrigation

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Food Surpluses and Effects  Irrigation increased the amount of food farmers produced and created a surplus, or more food than needed.  Fewer people needed to farm, so new occupations (jobs) developed.  When workers specialize in a particular task or job, a division of labor is created.

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Section 2: The Rise of Sumer

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance The Rise of Sumer The Sumerians developed the first civilization in Mesopotamia. Main Ideas  The Sumerians created the world’s first advanced society.  Religion played a major role in Sumerian society. The Big Idea

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance An Advanced Society  A people known as Sumerians developed the world’s first civilization in southern Mesopotamia.  By 3000 B.C., several hundred thousand Sumerians had settled in a land they called Sumer.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance City-States  Basic political units: consisted of a city (urban) and all of the surrounding countryside (rural).  The amount of countryside in each city-state depended on its military strength.  Fought each other to gain more farmland  Built walled cities for protection

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Sargon and the Rise of the Akkadian Empire  Akkadian society developed just north of Sumer.  Akkadian king, Sargon, was the first ruler to have a permanent army.  Sargon wanted to expand Akkadian territory and conquered all of the city-states of Sumer, as well as northern Mesopotamia.

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Sargon/Akkadia continued  With these conquests, Sargon established the world’s first empire – Land with different territories and peoples under a single ruler.  Sargon was emperor – ruler of his empire – for more than 50 years.  After his death, the empire lasted only a century longer.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Main Idea 2: Religion Shapes Society  Religion was the basis for all Sumerian society.  Sumerians were polytheistic:  Polytheism is the worship of many gods.  Gods had enormous powers.  Priests, people who performed religious ceremonies, gained high status in Sumerian society.

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Sumerian Religion continued …  Each city-state considered one god to be its special protector.  Enlil – lord of the air  Enki – god of wisdom  Inanna – goddess of love and war  Nanna – moon god  Utu – sun god  Priests performed religious ceremonies in giant temples called ziggurats – shaped like squared, tiered wedding cakes.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Sumerian Social Order  Social hierarchy: the division of society by rank or class  Kings were at the top of the order because they claimed to be chosen to rule by the gods.  Social order  Kings  Priests  Skilled craftspeople, merchants, and traders  Large working class of farmers and laborers  Slaves

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Men and Women in Sumer  Men generally held the political power and made laws.  Women generally took care of the home and children.  Education was generally reserved for men, but some upper class women were educated.  Some women were priestesses in Sumerian temples.  Enheduanna, a priestess who wrote hymns and Sargon’s daughter, is the first known female writer in history.

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Section 3 Sumerian Achievements

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Sumerian Achievements The Sumerians made many advances that helped their society develop. Main Ideas  The Sumerians invented the world’s first writing system.  Advances and inventions changed Sumerian lives.  Many types of art developed in Sumer. The Big Idea

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Main Idea 1: The Invention of Writing  The Sumerians made one of the greatest cultural advances in history – they developed writing.  The cuneiform (kyoo-nee-uh-fohrm) system of writing involved people using sharp tools called a stylus to make wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets.

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Writing continued…  Earlier writing had used pictographs, or picture symbols.  In cuneiform, symbols could represent syllables, or parts of words, and be combined to express more complex ideas.  First used to keep business records  A writer, or scribe, kept the records

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Writing continued…  Sumerians wrote works on history, law, grammar, and math.  Also created works of literature: stories, proverbs, songs, and long poems that tell stories of heroes, called epics.  Famous Sumerian epic poem, The Epic of Gilgamesh, is a story of a legendary Sumerian king.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Main Idea 2: Advances and Inventions  Development of the wheel  Used for carts and wagons  Potter’s wheel  The plow increased farm production.  Sewers under city streets  Math and science  Number system based on 60  Names of animals, plants, and minerals  Used medicines for healing and catalogued medical knowledge

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Architecture  Rulers lived in large palaces.  Most Sumerians lived in houses with many rooms around a small courtyard.  Mud bricks were the houses’ main building blocks.  A ziggurat, or pyramid-shaped temple tower, rose above each city. The Arts  Sculptors produced many statues of the gods for their temples.  Jewelry was a popular item made from imported gold, silver, and gems.  Engraved cylinder seals are one of Sumer’s most famous types of art. Battle scenes Show ownership Highly decorative Main Idea 3: The Arts of Sumer

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Section 4 Later Peoples of the Fertile Crescent

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Later Peoples of the Fertile Crescent Main Ideas  The Babylonians conquered Mesopotamia and created a code of law.  Invasions of Mesopotamia changed the region’s culture.  The Phoenicians built a trading society in the eastern Mediterranean region. The Big Idea After the Sumerians, many cultures ruled parts of the Fertile Crescent.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Main Idea 1: The Babylonians conquer Mesopotamia Babylon was located on the Euphrates River near what is today, Baghdad, Iraq. In 1792 B.C., Hammurabi became Babylon’s king. He would become the city’s greatest monarch, or ruler of a kingdom or empire.

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Hammurabi  Brilliant war leader who brought all of Mesopotamia into his Babylonian Empire.  Oversaw building and irrigation projects and improved the tax system.  Most famous for his code of laws.  Ruled for 42 years

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance  Hammurabi wrote down 282 laws which contained some ideas still found in laws today.  Specific crimes brought specific penalties.  Social class was taken into account. It was a greater crime to injure a rich man than a poor one.  It was unique not only because of how thorough it was, but also because he wrote it down for all to see. Hammurabi’s Code

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance  Armies battled for control of fertile land.  Different peoples ruled Mesopotamia.  Hittites  Kassites  Assyrians  Chaldeans  Each group affected the culture of the region. Main Idea 2: Invasions of Mesopotamia

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance  The Hittites were the first to master ironworking, so they made the strongest weapons of the time.  They used the chariot, a wheeled, horse-drawn cart, which allowed them to move quickly around the battlefield.  They were taken over by the Kassites after their king was assassinated.  The Kassites ruled for almost 400 years. The Hittites & Kassites

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance The Assyrians  The Assyrians had a strong army that used chariots and iron weapons.  They spread terror before battles by looting villages and burning crops.  Assyrian kings ruled their empire through local leaders who each governed a small area.  The local leaders demanded heavy taxes.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance The Chaldeans  The Chaldeans destroyed the Assyrian Empire in 612 B.C.  King Nebuchadnezzar (neb-uh-kuhd-NEZ-uhr) rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city that had the famous Hanging Gardens.  They admired the Sumerian culture, studied their language, and built temples to Sumerian gods.  Babylon became a center for astronomy.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Main Idea 3: The Phoenicians (fi-NI-shuns)  Located at the western end of the Fertile Crescent, in what is now Lebanon.  Became excellent sailors and sailed throughout the Mediterranean building trade networks, and founding new cities.  Grew wealthy from trading

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Resources  Traded: prized cedar silverwork ivory carvings purple dyed cloth slaves  Built great harbors Alphabet  Created one of the world’s first alphabets – set of letters that can be combined to form words  Made writing much easier for everyone  Is the basis for the English language Expansion of Trade  Excellent sailors  Traveled around Mediterranean to: Egypt Greece Italy Sicily Spain Main Idea 3: The Phoenicians continued…

Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 3 World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.HOMEEXIT

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