Dear Maoists I was trying to find a documentary so students can visualise the denunciations etc of the 1950s and can feed in well with the lessons Sarah and Ed have prepared This one is good from about 0830mins it talks about Maoist leadership, then looks at the Korean War and then looks at the Anti-campaigns and shows the denunciation boxes etc Well worth showing for 10-15mins an they can take notes

How did Mao use repression and terror to control the population after 1949? LO: Learn how Mao used mass participation to control and repress the population What does Spence say about Mao’s use of terror?

Think back: Methods of political control? Think back to your GCSE study of Nazi Germany. What methods were used by the Nazis to consolidate and extend its political control over Germany? EXT: From what you know about China so far, which of these do you think will be effective and why?

The Korean War: Chinese involvement in the Korean War from 1950 gave Mao the perfect excuse to crush whoever stood in the Communists way at home, in case they jeopardised the revolution so far.

Mass participation The Chinese people were expected to actively participate in the implementation of Communist control and stifling dissent. Surveillance of neighbours, colleagues etc encouraged. Mass meetings and denunciations were a feature of the 3- Antis & 5-Antis Campaigns. Land reform – ‘struggle’ meetings encouraged to denounce rich landlords. (Fanshen)

Implementation of control Mutual surveillance was established – enforced by the fear of being exposed as politically or socially deviant. Neighbours spied on neighbours Workers snooped on fellow workers. Children encouraged to report on parents. Community associations – a major means of exerting control & conformity. ‘Danwei’ – work unit. Controlled by the party – kept info & distributed housing, food & clothing & distributed permits for change of job / town. KEY ROLE IN CONTROL.

Terror tactics used by the CPC Propaganda campaigns Police & Courts (although these were increasingly replaced by Communist Party Committees) Imprisonment and executions Forced labour camps (lao-gai = ‘reform through work’) Use of ordinary people! Work units, street and neighbourhood committees Official permission for moving Informers

Mass Campaigns 1950 – 52 The Resist America, Aid Korea Campaign The Three-Antis Campaign The Suppression of Counter Revolutionaries Campaign The Five- Antis Campaign Use Spence & AQA p. 46 – 7 Find out: When What Who Why Consequences

3 & 5 ‘Antis’: Conclusions Consequences & Aftermath: Victims were terrified and humiliated Many were tortured, forced to pay fines, admit guilt & many committed suicide. The Gov.s early tolerance of private capitalism was over Fear and oppression was now rife Traditional relationships no longer mattered, now the only way to protect yourself was to be completely loyal to the party. Foreigners / imperial companies are now banished from China

Thought Reform The Communists wanted to change the way people thought in order to reach their goal of a Communist state. ‘Struggle meetings’ Self-criticisms Made to feel ashamed of past thoughts Admit or face punishment AIM: PEOPLE SHOULD NOT ONLY OBEY BUT BELIEVE

“For each self-criticism, there were many criticisms. My mother's two comrades insisted that she had behaved in a 'bourgeois' manner. They said she had not wanted to go to the country to help collect food; when she pointed out that she had gone, in line with the Party's wishes, they retorted: "Ah, but you didn't really want to go." Then they accused her of having enjoyed privileged food cooked, moreover, by her mother at home and of succumbing to illness more than most pregnant women. Mrs. Mi also criticized her because her mother had made clothes for the baby. "Who ever heard of a baby wearing new clothes?“ she said. "Such a bourgeois waste! Why can't she just wrap the baby up in old clothes like everyone else?" The fact that my mother had shown her sadness that my grandmother had to leave was singled out as definitive proof that she 'put family first," a serious offense.” ― Jung Chang, Wild Swans: Three Daughters of ChinaJung ChangWild Swans: Three Daughters of China

Mao on the value of violence On this matter we are quite heartless! On this matter Marxism is indeed cruel and has little mercy, for it is determined to exterminate imperialism, feudalism, capitalism, and small production to boot. In this respect, it is better not to have much mercy. Some of our comrades are too kind, they are not tough enough, in other words, they are not so Marxist. It is a very good thing, and a significant one too, to exterminate the bourgeoisie and capitalism in China, a country with a population of 600 million. Our aim is to exterminate capitalism, obliterate it from the face of the earth and make it a thing of the past. What emerges in history is bound to die out. Everything in the world is a historical phenomenon; as there is life, so there must be death. As a historical phenomenon, capitalism must also die out, and it has a very nice place to go to, that is, underground, there to "sleep". October 11, 1955 The struggle against corruption, waste and bureaucracy should be stressed as much as the struggle to suppress counter-revolutionaries. As in the latter, the broad masses, including the democratic parties and also people in all walks of life, should be mobilized, the present struggle should be given wide publicity, the leading cadres should take personal charge and pitch in, and people should be called on to make a clean breast of their own wrongdoing and to report on the guilt of others. In minor cases the guilty should be criticized and educated; in major ones the guilty should be dismissed from office, punished, or sentenced to prison terms (to be reformed through labour), and the worst among them should be shot. The problem can only be solved in these ways. December 8, 1951 The number of counter-revolutionaries to be killed must be kept within certain proportions. The principle to follow here is that those who owe blood debts or are guilty of other extremely serious crimes and have to be executed to assuage the people's anger and those who have caused extremely serious harm to the national interest must be unhesitatingly sentenced to death and executed without delay. As for those whose crimes deserve capital punishment but who owe no blood debts and are not bitterly hated by the people or who have done serious but not extremely serious harm to the national interest, the policy to follow is to hand down the death sentence, grant a two-year reprieve and subject them to forced labour to see how they behave. May, 1951

Use the sources to answer the following question: How far could the historian make use of the three sources to investigate the extent to which violence was a central component of the Communist regime? Consider: How was violence meant to occur? Was it a last resort or a central component of the regime? Why did it carry such value? Explain your answer using both the sources and your own knowledge of the historical context.