© T. M. Whitmore TODAY Día de los muertos Migration – the 3 rd part of the population equation  International to/from LA  USA-LA migration  Remittances

© T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME- Questions? Urbanization in LA  Causes & consequences The urban dual economy Migration – the 3 rd part of the population equation  International within LA

Household alter for Día de los muertos

Commercial alter for Día de los muertos

Decorated Graves near Copan, Honduras

© T. M. Whitmore Migration-the 3 rd part of demography Definitions  More-or-less permanent change in the locus of one’s life  Must cross political boundary “Circulation” a temporary change in residence

© T. M. Whitmore Migration — 4 major types 1 st type: International within Latin America 2 nd type: International to and from Latin America 3 rd type rural => rural migration 4 th type rural => urban migration

© T. M. Whitmore International to and from Latin America Colonial migrations  100s of thousands of Iberians  Forced migration of ~10 m AfricansAfricans 19th century migrations  Europeans to S Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Costa Rica  Asian indentured labor to Caribbean & Guyana, Surinam, etc. Contemporary migrations  Caribbean, Ecuador, “el Norte” CaribbeanEcuadorel Norte

© T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US N limits of Mexico  Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s Post-Mexican war in 1880s 1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US => >500k  But small % of all immigrationsmall

© T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US II 1940s -1960s => Bracero program 1980s and beyond  Issue of illegal (undocumented) Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880s Spatial patterns of migration Spatial Issue of remittances

Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish

© T. M. Whitmore Remittances-a global phenomenaa global phenomena They are monies sent by workers in the more industrial countries to their homes in the global “south” ~ 150 million migrants sent  > US$ 300 billion globally in 2006

© T. M. Whitmore Remittances to LA About 30 million Latin American migrants living in the United States & Europe  Send ~ US$68 billion to their families annually! Send  Average remittance per migrant ~ US$2,100 Average per capita remittance ~ 20% of average per capita GDP 15 of 38 in LA countries receive > US$ 1 b

© T. M. Whitmore Remittance Origins in US Top US sending states = CA, NY, FL, IL, NJ (all over $1 billion annually) Top US sending states N C over $800 million annually N C Immigrants in US have total incomes ~ US$ 500 b  About 10% of that is sent home but 90% is spent in the US locality ~ 60 of remittance senders are “working poor” or lower middle class (incomes < $30k) – but most think economic life in US is good

© T. M. Whitmore How is money sent? Most send to their families through international money transfer companies. international money transfer companies  These are costly: fees can run to 6-7% or more (but these are low by global standards) Fewer than 50% of Latin Americans have bank accounts here or in home countries  Thus some use professional viajeros (travelers) Agencies are now competing  IADB working to reduce fees and bottlenecks  In Durham, NC the Latino Community Credit Union charges from $6-10

© T. M. Whitmore Remittance destinations in LA Countries where remittances ~ 10% of total country GDP Countries where remittances ~ 10% of total country GDP  Grenada ~31%  Honduras ~25%  El Salvador ~24%  Haiti ~21%  Dominican Republic ~18%  Jamaica ~18%  Nicaragua ~15%  Belize ~11%  Guatemala ~10%

© T. M. Whitmore Remittances to LA & C Exceed the combined flows of all Foreign Direct Investment and net Official Development Assistance Flows substantially exceed tourism income to each country & almost always exceed the largest export Overall remittances ~13% of the value of all exports Large percentages (> 15%) of the adult population in many countries receive remittances Large percentages

© T. M. Whitmore Scale of remittance flows Remittances to Mexico ~US$24 billion  Greater than the country's total tourism income  Greater than 2/3 of the value of petroleum exports  About equal to 180% of the country's agricultural exports.

© T. M. Whitmore Spending Remittances Vast majority spent on household expenses Vast  Rural residents get ~ 1/3 of all remittances  Investments in real estate (houses) increasinghouses  Also investments in small business venturessmall business

© T. M. Whitmore Consequences & Issues Social consequences to the Latin American migrant workers’ families Social consequences  About 1/3 are undocumented thus  Visits home are few  Wages and working conditions may be poor  Families are divided Impacts in Latin America  Is this development or dependency?  How many participate, does it increase or decrease equity?

Global Totals: ~$US 301 billion

Source: © IADB Remittances: The Human Face of Globalization

Quiroga, Mexico

Source: © IADB $1.2 b $13.2 b $5.2 b $3.7 b 2006 estimates-note big increases

© Thomas Whitmore

Source: © IADB

© Thomas Whitmore

Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish

© Thomas Whitmore