Research and Methodology

Vocab Review-- Hypothesis? Independent vs. Dependent Variable? Operational Definition? Validity vs. Reliability? Sample vs. Population? Types of sampling?

Types of Studies--Review Experimental—Causation!!!! –Lab vs. Field –Confounding variables Hawthorne Effect Participant relevant Situation relevant –Experimenter bias »Eliminated by Double Blind –Assignment of exp vs. control group Placebo Effect –Pros and Cons of Experimental

Types of Studies--Review Correlational Method—no causation Ex post facto study Survey Method—very popular, why? Example— Pros and cons of Correlational

Types of Studies--Review Naturalistic Observation—No Interference Example at zoo— Pros vs. Cons

Types of Studies--Review Case Studies—TESS Pros vs. Cons

ETHICS REVIEW APA Guidelines Institutional Review Board—IRB Animal Research Guidelines—4 things Human Research Guidelines—5 things

STATISTICS Descriptive Stats— –Frequency distributions Frequency polygons histograms (bar graph) –Do an example!

STATS Central Tendency –Mean Outliers—example –Negatively Skewed—left skewed –Positively Skewed—right skewed --Median –Mode

STATS Variability of Descriptive Statistics –Range –Variance –Standard Deviation Normal curve –68, 95, 99.7 rule »Z-score »Percentiles

STATS Correlations –Relationship between two variables Example-- –Correlation Coefficient (+1 to -1) –Scatter Plot –Line of Best Fit/Regression Line

STATS Inferential Statistics –Can the findings be GENERALIZED to the population from which the sample came? –Statistically Significant P value –The smaller the p value, the more significant the results –P value of.05 means that a 5% chance exists that the results happened by chance –P value can never equal 0 because we can never be 100% sure results did not happen by chance