4 Sketching and Visualization How is sketching used in the engineering design process? How can engineers use visualization to assist in creating new designs? Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 Sketching and Visualization Define technical drawing. Understand how sketching fits into the design process. Summarize two types of sketches. Identify and use sketching tools. Describe the difference between pictorial and multiview projections. Identify important practices when using CAD for lettering. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 Sketching and Visualization Recognize the need for visualization. continued Recognize the need for visualization. Apply the concepts of image planes and projection to visualize 3D objects. Examine the role of color and rendering in visualizing 3D objects. Differentiate between visualizing one object and visualizing a group of objects. Recognize how visualization can be applied in a number of technical fields. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 Sketching and Visualization Engineers understand the need for sketching in the engineering design process. They know that visualization helps communicate alternative solutions to customers. It is important for engineers to master different types of sketching techniques. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Creating Technical Sketches 4.1 Sketching Techniques Creating Technical Sketches Technical sketching can be done using CAD systems. > technical sketching process of producing a rough, preliminary drawing representing the main features of a product or structure

Creating Technical Sketches 4.1 Sketching Techniques Creating Technical Sketches Freehand Technical Drawings

Creating Technical Sketches 4.1 Sketching Techniques Creating Technical Sketches Technical Sketch Multiview Sketch Pictorial Sketch Shaded Sketch

Understanding Types of Sketching 4.1 Sketching Techniques Understanding Types of Sketching Ideation Sketches > ideation sketches quick, simplified, annotated freehand sketches used to solidify design ideas

Understanding Types of Sketching 4.1 Sketching Techniques Understanding Types of Sketching Document Sketches Ideation Sketches > document sketches formalized, annotated, freehand sketches that are neater and more refined than ideation sketches

Understanding Types of Sketching 4.1 Sketching Techniques Understanding Types of Sketching Document Sketches Contour Sketching Ideation Sketches > contour sketching technique used by novice sketchers to gain confidence in their sketching ability

Understanding Types of Sketching 4.1 Sketching Techniques Understanding Types of Sketching Document Sketches Contour Sketching Ideation Sketches Negative Space Sketching > negative space sketching technique concentrating on the spaces between objects

Understanding Types of Sketching 4.1 Sketching Techniques Understanding Types of Sketching Document Sketches Contour Sketching Ideation Sketches Negative Space Sketching Upside-Down Sketching > upside-down sketching technique used for improving sketcher’s sketching ability

4.1 Sketching Techniques Lettering by Hand Characters should be consistent. Use guidelines. Pay attention to the uniformity of spacing between letters. Do not try to have equal spacing between each letter.

4.1 Sketching Techniques Lettering by Hand Gothic Lettering

Creating Straight Lines 4.1 Sketching Techniques Creating Straight Lines Mechanical versus Sketched Lines Grid paper is the easiest guide for sketched lines. For nonparallel lines, draw between two points. Changing the orientation of the paper can help drawing lines. Your body should be relaxed when drawing. Use the edge of the paper as a guide for straight lines.

4.1 Sketching Techniques Creating Curved Lines Points of Tangency > midpoints on each side of a square mark where the circle will touch the square

Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines 4.1 Sketching Techniques Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines Construction lines are not drawn to exact lengths, because lengths are marked later with intersecting lines or by short tick marks. > construction lines light, thin lines used to roughly lay out some of the details of sketches or drawings

Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines 4.1 Sketching Techniques Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines Locating the Center of Squares and Rectangles

Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines 4.1 Sketching Techniques Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines Constructing Proportioned Squares

Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines 4.1 Sketching Techniques Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines Sketching Identically Proportioned Squares

Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines 4.1 Sketching Techniques Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines Scaling an Object on Grid Paper

Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines 4.1 Sketching Techniques Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines Creating a Proportioned Sketch

Understanding Projections 4.1 Sketching Techniques Understanding Projections Projection methods were developed to address the problem of trying to represent 3D images on 2D media.

Understanding Projections 4.1 Sketching Techniques Understanding Projections > isometric pictorial sketch type of parallel projection that represents all three dimensions in a single image Isometric Pictorial Sketch Isometric Ellipse > isometric ellipses type of ellipse used to represent holes and ends of cylinders in isometric drawings Isometric Grid Paper > isometric grid paper paper made up of vertical and 30-degree grid lines Oblique Sketch > oblique sketch pictorial in which front face is seen in its true shape, is square with the paper, and is drawn at an angle to the horizontal

Understanding Projections 4.1 Sketching Techniques Understanding Projections Isometric Representation of Circles

Understanding Projections 4.1 Sketching Techniques Understanding Projections Constructing Oblique Sketches

Creating Multiview Sketches 4.1 Sketching Techniques Creating Multiview Sketches One-View Sketches The simplest multiview sketch Represents two dimensions of an object Two-View Sketches Scale and arrange two views on the drawing so that there is approximately equal spacing between each view and the edge of the paper Three-View Sketches Intended for more complex images Make sure that all three views stay aligned with their neighboring views

Creating Perspective Projections 4.1 Sketching Techniques Creating Perspective Projections > perspective projections method that represents 3D objects on 2D media in a manner closest to how humans perceive the objects with their eyes Vanishing Point (VP) > horizon line (HL) imaginary line in the distance where objects are infinitely small and parallel lines converge Horizon Line (HL) > vanishing point (VP) point on a horizon line where parallel lines converge Ground Line (GL) > ground line (GL) portion of sketch in which object closest to the observer rests on the ground plane

Creating Perspective Projections 4.1 Sketching Techniques Creating Perspective Projections

Sketching Using Constraint-Based Modeling Software 4.1 Sketching Techniques Sketching Using Constraint-Based Modeling Software Dimensions Constraints Tools Used to Define Features on a Sketch References Relations

Sketching Using Constraint-Based Modeling Software 4.1 Sketching Techniques Sketching Using Constraint-Based Modeling Software Guidelines for making a sketch with parametric modeling programs > parametric term used to describe curves explained by mathematical functions instead of coordinates The shape and proportions of the sketch are important, not the size. The dimensions used to describe the features should match the design intent. Geometric constraints of the features should match the design intent.

4.1 Sketching Techniques Identify the steps to create a proportioned sketch.

4.1 Sketching Techniques Describe the difference between multiview and pictorial sketches.

4.1 Sketching Techniques Explain how you would select the views to include in a multiview sketch.

Greatly enhances the speed and accuracy with which sketches are made 4.2 Visualization Visualizing Designs Visualization Enhances the ability to understand existing objects and objects that are not manufactured yet Greatly enhances the speed and accuracy with which sketches are made Assists in building and manipulating a 3D design and model in the virtual world > visualization mental understanding of visual information

Understanding Visualization Abilities 4.2 Visualization Understanding Visualization Abilities You do not have to be able to draw like Leonardo da Vinci in order for your graphics to be useful in the design process. We all have the ability to use imagery to solve problems that are spatial in nature. Your brain has a desire to organize the visual information around you.

Understanding the Visualization Cycle 4.2 Visualization Understanding the Visualization Cycle Hand/Eye/Mind Connection The brain processes and interprets the meaning of visual information. The brain also controls the muscles holding the pencil.

Visualizing Solid Object Features 4.2 Visualization Visualizing Solid Object Features Solid Object Features > limiting element line that represents the farthest outside feature of the curved surface

Visualizing Solid Object Features 4.2 Visualization Visualizing Solid Object Features An important attribute, found on the brick, is a corner, or vertex. > vertex corner of an object, where two edges meet

Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings 4.2 Visualization Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings Three variables in the use of image planes The Object Being Viewed > image plane 2D plane imaged by the human eyes The Image Plane The Eye of the Viewer

Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings 4.2 Visualization Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings Pictorial View Projection on the Image Plane

Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings 4.2 Visualization Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings Object-Image Plane Orientation

Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings 4.2 Visualization Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings Inclined Face Projection > inclined face face rotated about either the vertical or horizontal axis

Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings 4.2 Visualization Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings Oblique Face Projection > oblique face face created by rotation about both axes

Understanding Other Visualization Techniques 4.2 Visualization Understanding Other Visualization Techniques Parallel versus Perspective Projection

Understanding Other Visualization Techniques 4.2 Visualization Understanding Other Visualization Techniques Shading and coloring are cues that can aide the visualization of an object. Shearing is a tool in multiple object visualization.

Using Graphical Analysis in Engineering 4.2 Visualization Using Graphical Analysis in Engineering Data graphical analysis can be used with consumer surveys, repair records, and cost information. > data graphical analysis visualization process used in engineering analysis to display and explore empirical data in the form of graphics

Understanding Virtual Reality and Visualization 4.2 Visualization Understanding Virtual Reality and Visualization The goal of virtual reality (VR) is not only to make the model realistic, but also to allow an enhanced interaction with the model.

4.2 Visualization Using Visualization Mechanical Design Civil Projects 3D modeling systems interact with software Physical designs are needed for further evaluation Civil Projects Designing roads requires considering the road as well as the shape of the land 3D rendering helps nonprofessionals visualize a project

4.2 Visualization identify two ways that visualization can be used in engineering.

4.2 Visualization Describe two attributes important in defining a solid object.

4.2 Visualization Explain when engineers should consider using virtual reality.

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