Figure 4.1-2 The signal

Figure 4.2-1 Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization of the signals and the corresponding orthogonal signals.

Figure 4.2-2 The four signal vectors represented as points in three-dimensional function space.

Figure 4.2-3 An alternative set of orthonormal functions for the four signals in Figure 4.2-1a and the corresponding signal points.

Figure 4.3-1 Signal space diagram for digital PAM signals.

Figure 4.3-2 Baseband and band-pass PAM signals.

Figure 4.3-3 Signal space diagrams for PSK signals.

Figure 4.3-4 Examples of combined PAM- PSK signal space diagrams.

Figure 4.3-5 Several signal space diagrams for rectangular QAM.

Figure 4.3-6 Subdivision of time and frequency axes into distinct slots.

Figure 4.3-7 Cross-correlation coefficient as a function of frequency separation for FSK signals.

Figure 4.3-8 Orthogonal signals for M = N = 3 and M = N = 2.

Figure 4.3-9 Signal space diagrams for M = 4 and M = 6 biorthogonal signals.

Figure 4.3-10 Signal space diagrams for M-ary simplex signals.

Figure 4.3-11 Signal space diagrams for signals generated from binary codes.

Figure 4.3-12 Baseband signals.

Figure 4.3-13 State diagram for the NRZI signal.

Figure 4.3-14 The trellis diagram for the NRZI signal.

Figure 4.3-15 State diagram (a) and basic waveforms (b) for delay modulated (Miller-encoded) signal.

Figures 4.3-16a , b Pulse shapes for full response CPM

Figure 4.3-16c , d Pulse shapes for partial response CPM.

Figure 4.3-16e Pulse shapes for partial response CPM.

Figure 4.3-17 Phase trajectory for binary CPFSK.

Figure 4.3-18 Phase trajectory for quaternary CPFSK.

Figure 4.3-19 Phase trajectories for binary CPFSK (dashed) and binary, partial response CPM based on raised cosine pulse of length 3T (solid). [From Sundberg (1986), © 1986 IEEE.]

Figure 4.3-20 Phase cylinder for binary CPM with h = ½ and a raised cosine pulse of length 3T. [From Sundberg (1986), © 1986 IEEE.

Figure 4.3-21 State trellis for binary CPFSK with h = ½

Figure 4.3-22 State diagram for binary CPFSK with h = ½.

Figure 4.3-23 Representation of an MSK signal as a form of two staggered binary PSK signals, each with a sinusoidal envelope.

Figure 4.4-1 Rectangular pulse and its energy density spectrum

Figure 4.4-2 Raised cosine pulse and its energy density spectrum

Figure 4.4-6 Power density spectra of MSK and offset QPSK. [From Gronemeyer and McBride (1976); © IEEE.]

Figure 4.4-7 Fractional out-of-band power (normalized two-sided bandwidth = 2WT). [From Gronemeyer and McBride (1976); © 1976 IEEE.]

Figure 4.4-11 Power spectral density (one- sided) of Miller code (delay modulation) and NRZ/NRZI baseband signals. [From Hecht and Guida (1969); © 1969 IEEE.]