The Mexican-American War

Cause and Effect The Mexican-American War

 The Annexation of Texas by the U.S. angered the Mexican Government.  Mexico never acknowledged Texas as independent and felt the U.S. had no right to take its territory.  Mexico also did not acknowledge the Treaty of Velasco which set the southern border of Texas as the Rio Grande. U.S.-Mexico Disputes

 The loss of Texas will inevitably result in the loss of New Mexico and the Californias. Little by little our territory will be absorbed until only an insignificant part is left to us.... Our national existence... will end like those weak meteors that, from time to time, shine fitfully in the firmament (sky) and disappear. -José Maria Tornel y Mendivil

Area in Dispute Nueces River Rio Grande River The U.S. and Texas considered the Rio Grande as the Southern border. For Mexico it was the Nueces

 Why would the Mexican government not accept the treaty of Velasco? –Santa Anna only signed the treaty of Velasco because his life was in danger.

Manifest Destiny  Another issue with Mexico was Manifest Destiny.  The land that the United States desired out west (California especially) was all controlled by Mexico.

The U.S. Perspective  Most Americans sympathized with Texas during the Texas revolution and republic days because most Texans were former Americans.  As a result of the brutal fighting (at the Alamo, Massacre at Goliad, and other times) the American public developed negative stereotypes against the Mexican people and government

Effort to ease the tensions  After Texas Annexation, Mexico threatened war.  U.S. President James K. Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to work for better relations between the two countries. John Slidell

Slidell’s Mission 1) Get Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande as the border between Mexico and the United States 2) To forgive about $4.5 million owed to U.S. citizens by Mexico from the Mexican War of Independence 3) To discuss the purchase of the New Mexico and California The Mexican government refused to talk with Slidell which angered the U.S.The Mexican government refused to talk with Slidell which angered the U.S.

The Thornton Affair  A company of U.S. Calvary commanded by Captain Seth Thornton got into a skirmish with Mexican forces near the Rio Grande.  Thornton was ordered to scout an area about twenty miles northwest of what later became Brownsville, Texas. In April 1846, the Calvary, investigated an abandoned hacienda (Ranch).  Some two thousand Mexican soldiers were encamped in and around the hacienda, and a firefight occurred. Both sides fought ferociously, but the greatly outnumbered U.S. force was forced to surrender after several hours of skirmishing. Thornton was outnumbered By about 1900 men.

 President Polk asked for a declaration of war before a joint session of the United States Congress, summing up the need for war by famously stating: –"American blood has been shed on American soil".  Congress declared war on Mexico, despite protests by the Mexican government that Thornton had crossed the border into Mexican Texas — a border that Mexico claimed as the Nueces River. the ensuing Mexican- American War was waged from and witnessed the loss of many thousands of lives and nearly half of the territory of Mexico. Presidents Polk’s Response

US Problems with Mexico 1) Americans had a negative view of Mexico because of the Texas Revolution 2) Mexico owed the U.S. money for the Mexican Revolution against Spain Mexican Problems with US. 1) Mexico felt that Texas was being stolen from them. 2) Mexico didn’t believe in Manifest Destiny and didn’t want to give away their land.

Vote Yes-Declare War Treaty of Velasco is valid Belief in Manifest Destiny Texas Annexation is legal Vote no-not to Declare War Will expand slavery Manifest Destiny is unfair to Mexico Treaty of Velasco is a sham and not valid Annexation is illegal without Mexico approval.

The Mexican War ( )

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto “Old Rough and Ready”

The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

Battle of Buena Vista (1847) General Winfield Scott

General Scott Enters Mexico City “Old Fuss and Feathers”

Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo, 1848  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.  U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.  U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000). The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

Results of the Mexican War?  The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease).  New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)  These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.  Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.  Manifest Destiny partially realized.  The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease).  New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)  These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.  Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.  Manifest Destiny partially realized.