Evolution

Biology Evolution Unit Day 5 ClipBird Lab Biology Evolution Unit Day 5

ClipLand Scene Here we see a new species called ClipBirds. They were tragically split into two populations---the East ClipLand and the West ClipLand. How are these birds alike? How are they different? tell the class a fanciful but engaging story about a population of imaginary birds (Clipbirds) that lives happily in a faraway fictional place, known as Clipland. Point out to the class that somehow the large population became divided into two smaller populations, east and west. Perhaps a mountain range rose up in a big hurry, or a flock of the Clipbirds got lost and ended up on the opposite side of a preexisting range of mountains. (This is fictional, so have some fun with it.) http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/lessons/clipbirds/scene.pdf

Food Values Food Values in Megacalories Megacalories Needed Marblefruit 10 Big Tootfruit 5 Tiny tootfruit 2 To Survive To Reproduce Big bill 80 160 Medium bill 50 100 Small Bill 25

ClipBird Populations West Clipland East Clipland 1st Season 2nd Season 3rd Season 4th Season Big Bill Medium Bill Small Bill 1st Season 2nd Season 3rd Season 4th Season Big Bill Medium Bill Small Bill

Discussion What happened to these populations? What factors had an impact on their lifestyles?

Vocabulary Adaptation- inherited trait that increases a population’s chances of survival and reproduction in a particular environment. What types of adaptations did we see here?

Vocabulary Niche- habitat and the role a population plays in that habitat. Includes where organisms live, what and how they eat, how they raise their offspring, and what their predators are. What were the examples of the niche that we saw in this lab?

News Reporters You are a news reporter and are writing a story on Charles Darwin and his theory. Need to answer the 6 questions of Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. Have today during class to find your information. Hand in by tomorrow.

Background Information In Mediaeval times, people believed in Spontaneous Generation. Idea that living things could come from non-living things.

Example of Spontaneous Generation Observation: Every year in the spring, the Nile River flooded areas of Egypt along the river, leaving behind nutrient-rich mud that enabled the people to grow that year’s crop of food. However, along with the muddy soil, large numbers of frogs appeared that weren’t around in drier times. Conclusion: It was perfectly obvious to people back then that muddy soil gave rise to the frogs.

Redi’s Experiment In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat. One jar was covered with a stopper, one was covered with gauze, and one was left open.

Redi’s Data In the uncovered jars, flies entered and laid eggs on the meat. Maggots hatched from these eggs and grew into more adult flies. Adult flies laid eggs on the gauze on the gauze-covered jars. These eggs or the maggots from them dropped through the gauze onto the meat. In the sealed jars, no flies, maggots, nor eggs could enter, thus none were seen in those jars. Maggots arose only where flies were able to lay eggs.

Redi’s Conclusions Only flies can make more flies This experiment disproved the idea of spontaneous generation for larger organisms.

Louis Pasteur In1864 Louis Pasteur, disproved spontaneous generation in microscopic organisms. Pasteur boiled broth in various-shaped flasks to sterilize it, then let it cool. As the broth and air in the containers cooled, fresh room air was drawn into the containers. None of the flasks were sealed — all were exposed to the outside air in one way or another.

Louis Pasteur’s Findings Broth in flasks with necks opening straight up spoiled while broth in swan-neck flasks did not, even though fresh air could get it. Broth in flasks with cotton plugs did not spoil, even though air could get through the cotton. If the neck of a swan-neck flask was broken off short, allowing bacteria to enter, then the broth became contaminated.

Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck? 1809- French Scientist who reasoned that fossils of extinct animals were the ancestors of those living today. Developed a theory of evolution Organisms are constantly striving to improve themselves. Use it or lose it! Most-used body structures are maintained, while others waste away. Inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Discussion—So What Are the Important Aspects of Darwin’s Theory? Natural Selection Sexual reproduction causes variation within a species, some of which are favorable. There is a struggle for exsistance. Not all young produced in each generation can survive. (Nature overproduces) Individuals that survive and reproduce are those with favorable variations. So here’s the deal. For main concepts of natural selection

Discussion—So What Are the Important Aspects of Darwin’s Theory? Geological Change is slow. These gradual geological changes can influence plant and animal life over time. This Theory is called Gradualism Artificial Selection Selective breeding of domestic animals and crops to gain most desirable characteristics. How does this affect us now?

Vocabulary to Know Terms People and Theories Natural Selction Variation Gradulism Artificial Selection Spontaneous Generation People and Theories Darwin Jean-Baptiste Lamark Louis Pasteur Francesco Redi Add all of these terms and people to your evolution foldables!!

Lucy

Lucy Discussion Comparing hominids from Lucy’s lifetime to your own, do you think there have been more changes in physical characteristics of the body (such as hands, feet, head, posture) or more changes in how hominids lived (types of shelter, ways of getting around, ways of gathering food)?

Lucy Discussion Which aspects of your description were based on evidence? Which aspects of your description were inferences related to evidence? Which aspects of your descriptions were guesses?

Hominoids vs. Hominids?? MUGAN WORKSHEET!!!!!

Primate Family Tree Anthropoids Hominoids Hominids Old World African Old World Monkeys Gibbon Orangutans Human Apes Monkeys Anthropoids Hominoids Hominids

Evidence for Evolution Animal Structure Homologous Structures Analogous Structures Vestigial Structures Fossils

Cause and Effect Relationships Speciation Cause: Evolution of one or more species from a common ancestor. Effect: New species created

Cause and Effect Relationships Divergent Evolution Cause: geological barrier separates members of the population Effect: Two different species evolve Convergent Evolution Cause: Natural selection produces analogical adaptations in response to environmental conditions. Effect: Two similar species

Cause and Effect Relationships Coevolution Cause: Environmental factors cause two species to evolve together. Effect:Special relationships between organisms. Ex. Flowers and bees. Adaptive Radiation Cause: An open habitat creates many different evolutionary tracts for one species Effect: many diverse species from one common ancestor.

Population Genetics Gene Pool: Combined genetic material of all the members of a given population. Allele Frequencies: Percentage of appearance of a single allele in a gene pool. Genetic Equilibrium: If the allele frequency is constant the allele has reached equilibrium. It will not change unless something big happens to the population.

Population Genetics Genetic Drift: random change in allele frequency in a population due to chance events. Directional Selection: occurs when a change in the environment favors an extreme phenotype.