Sport Books Publisher1 Out of Harm’s Way: Sports Injuries Chapter 3

Sport Books Publisher2 Outline: Biomechanical principles of injury Injury treatment and rehabilitation Pain: Nature’s warning system Soft tissue injuries Dislocations Fractures Concussions Overuse injuries Injury prevention

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4 Tissue Types Each type of tissue possesses unique mechanical characteristics Epithelial Muscle ConnectiveNervous

Sport Books Publisher5 Loading To best understand the biomechanical characteristics of tissue, we examine its behavior under physical load Under load a tissue experiences deformation Deformation can be visualized through the deformation curve

Sport Books Publisher6 A C B Elastic Region Plastic Region Ultimate Failure Elastic Limit Deformation LargeSmall Load High Low

Sport Books Publisher7 A C B Elastic Region Plastic Region Ultimate Failure Elastic Limit Deformation LargeSmall Load High Low Elasticity: capacity of a tissue to return to its original shape after removal of load

Sport Books Publisher8 A C B Elastic Region Plastic Region Ultimate Failure Elastic Limit Deformation LargeSmall Load High Low Plastic region begins Tissue no longer possesses elastic properties

Sport Books Publisher9 A C B Elastic Region Plastic Region Ultimate Failure Elastic Limit Deformation LargeSmall Load High Low Permanent tissue deformation (does not return to original shape) Results in micro-failure or injury (e.g., sprains)

Sport Books Publisher10 A C B Elastic Region Plastic Region Ultimate Failure Elastic Limit Deformation LargeSmall Load High Low Macro- or complete failure (e.g., torn ligament) Tissue becomes completely unresponsive to loads

Sport Books Publisher11 A C B Elastic Region Plastic Region Ultimate Failure Elastic Limit Deformation LargeSmall Load High Low Area = strength of the material

Sport Books Publisher12 A C B Elastic Region Plastic Region Ultimate Failure Elastic Limit Deformation LargeSmall Load High Low Slope = stiffness (or resistance to deformation) of the material

Sport Books Publisher13 Tissues Response to Training Loads Training load =  elastic limit –Micro-failure  building new tissue –Positive training effect Training load = > elastic limit –Permanent failure –Injury

Sport Books Publisher14 TENSION TORSIONBENDING COMPRESSION SHEAR Forces Acting on Tissue

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Sport Books Publisher16 Treatment –Received by patient from a health care professional –Promotes healing –Improves quality of injured tissue –Allows quicker return to activity Rehabilitation –Therapist’s restoration of injured tissue + patient's participation –Individualized for each person