1 Review For Exam 1 BUS Abdou Illia, Fall 2007 (Week 4, Tuesday 9/11/2007)

2 Introduction to Information Systems

3 Summary Questions Notes 1)Distinguish between Data and Information 2) List/Explain main components of an information system 3) What is the difference between Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) in terms of their targeted users? 4)What is the difference between Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Executive Information Systems (EIS) in terms of their target users. 5)What is the difference between Chief Information Officer and Chief Security Officer? 6)What is a Chief Knowledge Officer responsible for? 7)(a) What are the major components in a DSS? (b) What is the function of each? 8)What is an Expert System? What are the main components of an Expert system? What is a knowledge engineer?

4 Data versus Information  Data – raw facts that represent the characteristics of an event Example 1:  Event: High temperature  Data: 100° F Example 2:  Event: Sale  Data: Sale’s date, item number, item description, etc.  Information – facts within a given context The temperature today at noon in Times Square, NYC was 100° F Monday’s total sales for item #0001 is $ I P O

5 Information Systems  A set of interrelated information technologies that work together to collect, store, process, and distribute information  Major components of information systems Hardware (physical parts of a computer or other computing devices) Software (Instructions that tell hardware what to do) Databases (Software that enables storage/retrieval of data) Networks (Computing devices that communicate with each other) People  Information technology (IT): Computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization Information Technologies

6 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT  Information Technology is a relatively new functional area, having only been around formally for around 40 years  Recent IT strategic positions include: Chief Information Officer (CIO) Chief Technology Officer (CTO) Chief Security Officer (CSO) Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)

7 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT  Chief Information Officer (CIO) Oversees all uses of IT Ensures the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives  Chief Security Officer (CSO) Responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems Responsible for developing security policies and strategies Responsible for controlling implementation of security policies and strategies  Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) Responsible for collecting, maintaining, and distributing the organization’s knowledge Responsible for supervising the implementation of knowledge systems

8 Administrative Information Systems  Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) in an organization  Office Automation Systems (OAS) Systems designed to help office workers in doing their job.  Decision Support Systems (DSS) Systems designed to support middle managers and business professionals during the decision-making process  Executive Information Systems (EIS) Specialized DSS that help senior level executives make decisions.

9 DSS structure  Designed to help middle managers make decisions  Major components Data management subsystem  Internal and external data sources Model management subsystem  Typically mathematical in nature User interface  How the people interact with the DSS  Data visualization is the key  Text  Graphs  Charts User Interface Model Management - Sensitivity Analysis -> What-if Analysis -> Goal-seeking Analysis Data Management - Transactional Data - Data warehouse - Business partners data - Economic data

10 DSS’ Model Management Tools  Simulation is used to examine proposed solutions and their impact  Sensitivity analysis  Determine how changes in one part of the model influence other parts of the model  What-if analysis  Manipulate variables to see what would happen in given scenarios  Goal-seeking analysis  Work backward from desired outcome Determine monthly payment given various interest rates. Works backward from a given monthly payment to determine various loans that would give that payment.

11 Expert Systems Components  Knowledge base: database of the expertise, often in IF THEN rules.  Inference engine: derives recommendations from knowledge base and problem-specific data  User interface: controls the dialog between the user and the system  Explanation system: Explain the how and why of recommendations Knowledge base Domain Expert Knowledge Engineer Expertise Explanation System Inference Engine User Interface User System Engineer Encoded expertise IF family is albatross AND color is white THEN bird is laysan albatross. IF family is albatross AND color is dark THEN bird is black footed albatross Example of rules - Knowledge engineer codify the human expert’s expertise into the systems’ knowledge base. - System engineer is the IT professional who develop the user interface, the inference engine, and the explanation system.

12 Hardware Technology

13 Summary Questions Notes 1)Name five (3) computer input devices 2) Name three (3) computer output devices 3) What computer devices can be used for both input and output? 4)What is the difference between: (a) a Kilobyte and a Gigabyte? (b) a Megabyte and a Gigabyte? 5)Name the two main types of monitors used in today’s computer systems. 6)(a) Name main components of the Processing subsystem. (b) What is the function of the ALU? 7)Explain the difference between RAM and ROM. 8)Describe the various types of computers. 9)Distinguish between primary and secondary storage

14 Processing subsystem  Motherboard: chipset that all components connect to Motherboard  Two major components in processing subsys.  CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor(s)  Primary Storage:  Random Access Memory (RAM)  Read Only Memory (ROM) Busses that transfer data CPU Primary Storage

15 Central Processing Unit  Clock: generate time that synchronize other components  ICU: Fetches instructions from RAM  ALU: Execute instructions (arithmetic & logic operations)  Registers: Store control information, data, intermediate results Processor Clock Instruction Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers

16 Primary Storage  RAM holds running programs and the data they use  ROM contains critical programs such as those that boot the computer Primary Storage RAM ROM  Computer’s memory stored on semiconductor chips  Two categories:  RAM (Random Access Memory) which is volatile  Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)  Double Data Rate SDRAM or DDR SDRAM  ROM (Read-Only Memory) which is non-volatile  Capacity in Megabytes (MB) or Gigabytes (GB) ProgramData

17 Front Side Bus and Northbridge CPU Northbridge (Memory Controller) Southbridge (Memory Controller) RAM AGP Video Card PCI bus Real Time Clock USB Other devices Front Side Bus  FSB: bi-directional data bus carrying data b/w CPU and Northbridge  FSB speed is measured in Hz; e.g. 800 MHz FSB

18 Terminology  Dot pitch  Pixel  Screen resolution

19  Make sure you can answer Class 3 Review Questions

20 Software

21 Summary Questions 1)What are the two main types of software? 2) What are the three types of systems software? 3) What are the main functions of an operating system? 4)(a) Name some Operating Systems. (b) Name some Application software programs. 5)What does Multiprogramming mean? Virtual memory? 6)What are utility programs used for?

22 Relationship of software to hardware

23 Main Types of Software  Application software Programs that allow users to accomplish specific tasks Examples  Word processing  Web browser  Tax preparation  Data management  Desktop publishing   Groupware  Presentation graphics  Programming  Spreadsheet

24 Operating Systems (OS)  Software platform on which other programs run  Provides a connection between application programs and the computer hardware  Major tasks Starting the computer Managing files  Keeping track of where files are located  Maintaining a table of file entries  Etc. Managing Programs and Memory (RAM)  Sending programs to the CPU  Allocating primary storage (RAM) to programs  Controlling devices that programs requires Ensuring security Providing a user interface

25 OS: Multiprogramming

26 ￭ A technique that “extends” primary memory (RAM) by using secondary storage devices ￭ Needed when there is not enough RAM to hold programs OS: Virtual Memory

27 Utility Software  Accomplish common tasks and maintenance jobs Disk Defragmentation, Disk Optimization Virus protection Edit the Windows registry Remove Web cookies from HDD Encrypt data File and data recovery Spyware Program Uninstaller

28 Database Systems

29 Summary Questions Notes 1)What is a table, a field, a record, a primary key, a composite key? 2) What are the problems with traditional file systems? 3) What are the major components of a DBMS? 4)(a) Name some Desktop DBMSs. (b) Name some Enterprise DBMSs. 5)What are the differences between Flat File and Relational database models? 6)What are the steps for Database development?

30 Summary Questions Notes 1)What an entity? An attribute? 2) What is meant by 1:1 relationship? 1:M? M:M? 3) Can relational DBMSs handle 1:M relationships? 4)What is a schema? 5)What does a data dictionary usually contain?

31  Review Database Review Exercise done in class

32 Basic Concepts of Data Management  Table Two-dimensional structure composed of rows and columns  Field Like a column in a spreadsheet  Field name Like a column name in a spreadsheet Examples: AccountID, Customer, Type, Balance  Field values Actual data for the field  Record Set of fields that describe an entity (a person, an account, etc.)  Primary key A field, or group of fields, that uniquely identifies a record AccountIDCustomerTypeBalance John SmithChecking$ Linda MartinSaving$ Paul GrahamChecking$ Accounts table Each table has:  Fields  Records  1 Primary key

33 Basic Concepts in Data Management  A Primary key could be a single field like in this table  A Primary key could be a composite key, i.e. multiple fields

34 Entity  An entity, sometimes called a table, could be a person a place a thing a transaction an event

35 Attributes  Also called fields or columns, Attributes are characteristics of an entity.  An entity identifier is the attribute that ensures that each instance of the entity is unique

36 Types of attributes  There are several types of attributes, including: Simple versus composite. Single-valued versus multi-valued. Stored versus derived. Null-valued.  When creating a relational database, the attributes in the data model must be single- valued. Example: a customer with more than one phone number

37 Relationships  The relational model cannot handle Many- to-Many (M:M) relationships directly  It is limited to 1:1 and 1:M relationships  M:M relationships need to be replaced with a collection 1:M relationships

38 Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)  ERD or schema is a complete diagram representing the overall, logical plan of a database.

39 Data dictionary  The data dictionary is a file that stores definitions of information types, identifies the primary and foreign keys, and maintains the relationships among the tables.