Chapter 2 Turning Data into Something You Can Use Processing Hardware Chapter 2 Turning Data into Something You Can Use Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Overview Data and program representation Processor Main Memory 2.0 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Data and Program Representation Binary system: 0, 1 Two common schemes EBCDIC ASCII (American standard coded Decimal Interchange Code) “CPU” represent as: New scheme Unicode 2.0 EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ASDCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange Unicode uses 2 bytes (16 bits) rather than 1 byte (8-bit) for each character Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Machine Language A binary programming language that the computer can run directly Vary with hardware platform Instruction set Add, subtract, multiply, divide for example A video about data representation Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Capacity Bit 0s and 1s Byte 8 bits Kilobyte about 1000 bytes 2.0 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Larger Capacity Megabyte about one million bytes Gigabyte about one billion bytes Terabyte about a trillion bytes 2.1 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Data Transport Data bus electronic pathway or circuit Data line Signals that represent data Address line Signals that specific where is the data A video about data transportation Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Agenda Data and program representation Processor Main Memory 2.0 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 eMac Computers iMac More than 15 billion microprocessors and microcontrollers in use at the turn of the century Two categories microcomputer: The IBM compatible PC The Apple Macintosh 2.0 Introduction Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Processors CPU: central processing unit Processor: manipulates data into useful information control unit arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) 2.1 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Arithmetic/Logical Operations Arithmetic operation: Math operation Logical operations in the ALU are simple comparisons such as =, <, >, <=, or >= 2.1 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Registers High speed circuitry areas store data and provide work areas for computation dedicated by function Instruction register Address register Program register Accumulator An animation about how ALU work Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Machine Cycle Comprise a series of operations to perform a single program instruction Consists of two parts: During the instruction cycles, or I-cycles, control unit fetches instructions from main memory decodes or interprets instruction During execution cycle, or E-cycle, executes and stores result Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Boards and Chips Powerful computer CPU contained on Circuit boards Microcomputer Processor circuitry etched on Chips of silicon A video about chips 2.1 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Specialized Processor Coprocessors is dedicated for special job math Graphics Audio Increase the speed of computer system Expand a computer’s capability 2.1 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

CPU Performance Factors Clock rate (Processing Speeds) Word size Cache Instruction set size Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Processing Speed System clock Emits pulses to established the timing for all system operations. Limit the number of instructions can be completed within a specific amount of time Speeds measured in megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz) are common Overclocking is when system clocks are set for the external part of the CPUs and its local bus to run above its published speed. Doing so voids warranties MIPS and FLOPS fell out of usage as marketing began using slightly different measurements to show that their products was superior. Unfortunately, comparing MIPS published by different producers became like comparing apples and oranges Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Word Size Number of bits computer can hold in its registers, process at one time sent through local bus 32-bit most 486 PCs 64-bit common PCs in CISC format Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 CISC, RISC, MPP CISC (“sisk”) complex instruction set, serially executed most mainframes and PCs RISC (“risk”) reduced instruction set, serially executed cheaper and faster shift some work to software Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 MPP Massively parallel processing (MPP) spreads calculations over many computers or processors Used in powerful microcomputer and workstation, and supercomputer Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Homework P2.34 1,2,3,4,5 P2.35 In your own words 3,5 Key section 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Agenda Data and program representation Processor Main Memory 2.0 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Main Memory Holds data and program instructions, also called primary storage Circuitry that has a direct link to processor Two types: RAM (random access memory) ROM (read-only memory) Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 RAM Temporarily holds data(volatile) Holds data Holds instructions Holds result Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 RAM Capacity Measured in megabytes Capacity varies according to installed amount of memory chips Software determines capacity needed Configured as small circuit boards Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 RAM Speed The speed of read and store data Measured in nanoseconds(ns) one billionth of a second 8 ns Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 Agenda Data and program representation Processor Main Memory 2.0 Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002

Computer Components & Networks, 2002 continue Ch 2 Computer Components & Networks, 2002