GLOBAL AND LOCAL public health LECTURE .... HISTORY OF SCIENCE 148 DATE 2/7/2013 LECTURER Aaron Pascal Mauck, MA, PhD

STRUCTURE OF LECTURE I. Race and Space Continued II. Histories of Public Health III. Empire as Sanitary Laboratory

II. Racializing Social Distance Careful organization and policing of spaces where colonizers and colonized interact Special danger in physical contact Between the bodies of colonizers and colonized (threat of pollution) Characteristic of racialized hierarchies in noncolonial settings (Jim Crow South)

III. Medicalizing Social Distance Medicine allows a specific metonymic relationship to develop between racialized bodies based on their bodily substances Pollution takes the specific form of dangerous bodily substances with a premium placed on their control Laboratories and hospitals become spaces for handling dangerous substances in ways that control and reduce this danger

II. Histories of Public Health

Nineteenth Century Theories of Disease Contagion, Miasma, Zymosis, Predisposition Despite differences in theories of etiology, all Share a similar view of the diseased body No disease specificity Health constitutes an unstable equilibrium Intimate relationship between mind, body, and environment (6 non-naturals)

Translating Disease Theory into Public Health Entails a shift in focus from Diseased Bodies to Diseased Populations Edwin Chadwick: Involved in reform of poor laws in England during 1830s. Differentiates working and non-working poor Sees poverty as environmentally connected to disease with non-working poor as the central agents and victims of disease Urbanization and industrialization produce pathological environments. Eliminating such environments becomes central public health task Edwin Chadwick, 1800-1890

MAP OF CHOLERA ENGLAND, 1849

TIME MAP OF CHOLERA EPIDEMIC, 1848-9

BRITISH CARTOON, 1848

JOHN SNOW: SPOT MAP BROAD ST. PUMP

JOHN SNOW: WATER-BORN HYPOTHESIS, 1854

MICROSCOPIC COMPONENTS OF CHOLERA WARD AIR 1854 ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS, MODEL VILLAGE, C. WWI

CHOLERA AND THE FORMATION OF THE NEW YORK BOARD OF HEALTH, 1866

“Germ Theory” ~1870 – Present Aligns aspects of Contagionist, Miasmatic, and Predispositionist Frameworks Simplifies causal explanations, but must align with dominant cultural beliefs about the origins and control of disease

Sanitation and Municipal Improvements (Miasma) Nutrition & Improvements in Social Conditions (Predisposition) Quarantine & Isolation (contagionist) Germ Theory Environment that sanitary engineering could manipulate was expanded to include bodies of the afflicted  Greater alignment between medicine and public health

AMERICAN SANITARY ENGINEERING TEXT, 1880s

III. Empire as Sanitary Laboratory ROBERT KOCH WITH GERMAN CHOLERA EXPEDITION, ALEXANDRIA, 1884

PORTABLE CHOLERA LABORATORY, 1893

MODEL VILLAGES, ROYAL MEDICAL CORPS, 1914

PLAGUE ENFORCEMENT, HONG KONG, 1894

PLAGUE ENFORCEMENT, HONG KONG, 1894

YELLOW FEVER ZONE, SANTIAGO DE CUBA, 1908

FROM PERIPHERY TO METROPOLIS HERMAN BIGGS AND WILLIAM GORGAS, 1915 "Public health is purchasable. Within natural limitations, a community can determine its own death rate”

SUMMARY Techniques and practices of modern public health did not merely develop in Europe and North America to be exported to the rest of the world Many elements of modern public health infrastructure--e.g., permanent boards of health, coordinated sanitary control over water supply, waste removal--were developed in response to concerns over globalized disease patterns such as cholera In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, colonial territories served as laboratories--of both microbiological and social varieties--for sanitary research and practice. Practical and administrative techniques of metropolitan public health were developed at imperial peripheries I