A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Gradual stagnation & decay of the empire  Germanic tribes have time to absorb Roman civilization before overrunning the Western Roman Empire (FC. 36) People run away to avoid taxes People tied to their jobs to ensure stable econ. Stifles initiative  Lower tax base Raise taxes & increase bureaucracy Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Divides empire into Eastern & Western halves E. & W. Empires diverge culturally & politically, with Greek dominant in Eastern Empire & Latin dominant in Western Empire Though, in theory, still one empire, growing dislike & distrust between East & West  More fragmented empire Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices Extremely expensive to implement all these reforms CYCLE OF STAGNATION & DECLINE IN 300s

A Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.)

A Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Problems facing Diocletian Population Decimated/Demoralized Agr/Econ wrecked Debased Coinage Frontiers Under Pressure Army needs Reforms

A Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Risk of Bigger Army? FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.)

A Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.)

Giving generals smaller commands may not have been that risky to the empire’s safety in many or most cases, because, when the barbarians breached the frontier, they typically spread out into smaller bands to maximize each man’s plunder and avoid the problems of supplying one big war band. Therefore, a larger number of smaller armies would probably be better suited to clearing out all the individual war bands scattered across a province. F F F F M

A Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.)

Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Overawe the populace with? Emperor’s status? Greeting him? Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.)

Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Overawe the populace with: Emperor’s status? Greeting him? Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.)

Diocletian’s palace at Split (modern Yugoslavia)

FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices A

A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Type of army needed? Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices

FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices A Starting with Gallienus, the Roman army had included growing numbers of cavalry in order to respond more quickly to threats on different frontiers.

FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Where do you get recruits? Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices A

FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices A

FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need? Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices A

FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Cultural and political effect? Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices A So what did Diocletian do?

A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Divides empire into Eastern & Western halves Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices

Augustus in the West Theoretically, Diocletian’s system was supposed to work like this: Prefect of Gaul Prefect of Italy Diocese of Gaul Diocese of Britain D. of Spain Diocese of Italy D. of Africa Augustus in the East Prefect of The East D. of Pontus D. of Egypt D. of East D. of Thrace Pr Caesar to help him Prefect of Illyricum Diocese of Dacia D. of Macedon Pr = Province

FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Divides empire into Eastern & Western halves Cultural and political effect? Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices A

FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Divides empire into Eastern & Western halves E. & W. Empires diverge culturally & politically, with Greek dominant in Eastern Empire & Latin dominant in Western Empire Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices A

A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Divides empire into Eastern & Western halves E. & W. Empires diverge culturally & politically, with Greek dominant in Eastern Empire & Latin dominant in Western Empire Though, in theory, still one empire, growing dislike & distrust between East & West  More fragmented empire Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices

A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) How do people deal w/this? People tied to their jobs to ensure stable econ. Stifles initiative  Lower tax base Raise taxes & increase bureaucracy Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Divides empire into Eastern & Western halves E. & W. Empires diverge culturally & politically, with Greek dominant in Eastern Empire & Latin dominant in Western Empire Though, in theory, still one empire, growing dislike & distrust between East & West  More fragmented empire Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices Extremely expensive to implement all these reforms CYCLE OF STAGNATION & DECLINE IN 300s

A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) People run away to avoid taxes Govt. reaction? Stifles initiative  Lower tax base Raise taxes & increase bureaucracy Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Divides empire into Eastern & Western halves E. & W. Empires diverge culturally & politically, with Greek dominant in Eastern Empire & Latin dominant in Western Empire Though, in theory, still one empire, growing dislike & distrust between East & West  More fragmented empire Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices Extremely expensive to implement all these reforms CYCLE OF STAGNATION & DECLINE IN 300s

A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) People run away to avoid taxes People tied to their jobs to ensure stable econ. Impact on econ. & tax base? Raise taxes & increase bureaucracy Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Divides empire into Eastern & Western halves E. & W. Empires diverge culturally & politically, with Greek dominant in Eastern Empire & Latin dominant in Western Empire Though, in theory, still one empire, growing dislike & distrust between East & West  More fragmented empire Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices Extremely expensive to implement all these reforms CYCLE OF STAGNATION & DECLINE IN 300s

A Roman colonus (serf) is forcibly returned to his master after trying to escape to freedom. The repressive measures of Diocletian and other later imperial rulers forced them to freeze everyone in their family occupations in order to guarantee a stable tax base.

A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) People run away to avoid taxes People tied to their jobs to ensure stable econ. Stifles initiative  Lower tax base Raise taxes & increase bureaucracy Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Divides empire into Eastern & Western halves E. & W. Empires diverge culturally & politically, with Greek dominant in Eastern Empire & Latin dominant in Western Empire Though, in theory, still one empire, growing dislike & distrust between East & West  More fragmented empire Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices Extremely expensive to implement all these reforms CYCLE OF STAGNATION & DECLINE IN 300s

A FC.35 DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS & ROME’S CONTINUING DECLINE (284-c.400 C.E.) Gradual stagnation & decay of the empire  Germanic tribes have time to absorb Roman civilization before overrunning the Western Roman Empire (FC. 36) People run away to avoid taxes People tied to their jobs to ensure stable econ. Stifles initiative  Lower tax base Raise taxes & increase bureaucracy Anarchy & near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. (FC.34) Need defense vs. growing threats on frontiers Need a much larger & more mobile army than before Use Germanic recruits since empire’s population was less warlike after Pax Romana & depleted after the anarchy Lower morale & efficiency since Germanic recruits refuse to submit to Roman training & discipline Empire’s huge size  Need more efficient govt. Divides empire into Eastern & Western halves E. & W. Empires diverge culturally & politically, with Greek dominant in Eastern Empire & Latin dominant in Western Empire Though, in theory, still one empire, growing dislike & distrust between East & West  More fragmented empire Overawe the populace with: Exalting emperor to demi-god status Elaborate ritual Elaborate palace Need to prevent further revolts & assassinations Give gen’ls smaller commands Split civil & military offices Extremely expensive to implement all these reforms CYCLE OF STAGNATION & DECLINE IN 300s

Economic Decentralization Peasants struggling from econ problems and raids  give up own land in return for milit protection Increasingly, econ production greater in Spain/France than in Italy Huge, self-sufficient villa estates outside of Italy that produce goods locally rather than engage in Medit trade Commercial estates becoming independent political/econ units less constrained by imperial authority Decentralization of Western Europe in Middle Ages

When the Barbarians come….