High Energy Accelerators Dennis Silverman Physics and Astronomy U. C. Irvine

SLAC B Meson Factory Neutral B 0 mesons are composed of a u quark and a b antiquark. Neutral B 0 mesons are composed of a u quark and a b antiquark. They live long enough to go some distance in the detector, called BaBar. They live long enough to go some distance in the detector, called BaBar.  They oscillate to their anti- B 0 through annihilating to a W + and W - pair.  In this oscillation there is a discrepancy between particle and antiparticle rates.  This allows us to learn about such a discrepancy that allowed the universe to remain one part in a billion matter after matter and antimatter annihilated in the big bang.  A similar B factory called Belle is producing similar results in Japan.

B – Anti-B pairs formed by e+ e- Annihilation B – anti-B pair created through virtual photon e- e+ b->anti-B anti-b-> B virtual photon

SLAC Accelerator – PEP rings

BaBar Detector

Typical collider detector elements

Fermilab Tevatron Rings allow collisions of protons and anti-protons in their center of mass, each of 1TeV energy. Rings allow collisions of protons and anti-protons in their center of mass, each of 1TeV energy. Included quarks and anti-quarks colliding at a typical 1/3 of a TeV each. Included quarks and anti-quarks colliding at a typical 1/3 of a TeV each. proton Anti-proton

CDF (and D0) Detectors

LHC at CERN Large Hadron Collider at CERN Geneva Large Hadron Collider at CERN Geneva 7 TeV protons on 7 TeV protons in their center of mass, 27 km long ring tunnel 7 TeV protons on 7 TeV protons in their center of mass, 27 km long ring tunnel Cost of $2.5 billion to international collaboration, U.S. about $0.5 billion share, including much manpower Cost of $2.5 billion to international collaboration, U.S. about $0.5 billion share, including much manpower Atlas and CMS detectors Atlas and CMS detectors Capable of producing Higgs and SUSY particles Capable of producing Higgs and SUSY particles Starting in 2007 Starting in 2007

LHC Ring Layout

LHC Tunnel and Accelerator

Cross Section of Two Beam Path Magnets

Atlas Detector – Five Stories Tall

Neutrino Detectors Large water detectors Large water detectors Charged particles produce Cherenkov light cones Charged particles produce Cherenkov light cones Detect atmospheric produced neutrinos from cosmic rays, and their oscillations Detect atmospheric produced neutrinos from cosmic rays, and their oscillations Detect solar neutrinos and their oscillations Detect solar neutrinos and their oscillations Detect supernova produced neutrinos Detect supernova produced neutrinos Search for proton decay Search for proton decay Talk in the Fall from Hank Sobel Talk in the Fall from Hank Sobel

Super-K (Kamiokande)

Super-K 11, inch phototubes 11, inch phototubes 50 kilotons of purified water 50 kilotons of purified water In a deep mine In a deep mine Dimensions: 40 m diameter, 40 m high Dimensions: 40 m diameter, 40 m high

New Phototube layout

SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Detector) 1 kiloton of Canadian 1 kiloton of Canadian heavy water D20 7 kilotons of normal 7 kilotons of normal water surrounding 18 m sphere 18 m spheresurrounding 10,000 phototubes 10,000 phototubes