Lighting the way to a better future A domestic violence prevention program for churches North Carolina State University Department of Social Work Department of Family and Consumer Sciences Funding for this project was provided by Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation and North Carolina State University Faculty Research and Professional Development Fund

Objectives & Project Rationale Objectives & Project Rationale Demographics and Culture Demographics and Culture Domestic Violence Domestic Violence Working with Domestic Violence Working with Domestic Violence The Rundown

At end of the training session you should be able to: o Define domestic violence o Explain the rationale for using pastors to convey domestic violence prevention information to the Hispanic/Latino community o Identify cultural factors that could affect your work with pastors o Describe the content of the minister training manual o Identify your individual and team strengths and weaknesses o Describe your team’s plan for implementing pastor training sessions Objectives

Where is Latin America? Caribbean Central America South America North America 1. Antigua & Barbuda 2. Aruba 3. Bahamas 4. Barbados 5. Cayman Islands 6. Cuba 7. Dominica 8. Dominican Republic 9. Grenada 10. Guadeloupe 11. Haiti 12. Jamaica 13. Martinique 14. Puerto Rico 15. St. Kitts & Nevis 16. St. Lucia 17. St. Vincent and the Grenadines Grenadines 18. Trinidad & Tobago 19. Turks & Caicos Islands 20. Virgin Islands 1. Belize 2. Costa Rica 3. El Salvador 4. Guatemala 5. Honduras 6. Nicaragua 7. Panama 1. Argentina 2. Bolivia 3. Brazil 4. Chile 5. Colombia 6. Ecuador 7. French Guiana 8. Guyana 9. Paraguay 10. Peru 11. Suriname 12. Uruguay 13. Venezuela 1. Mexico

Latinos or Hispanics?  Difficult to be politically correct  Each country/person might have own preference  Identify by country of origin  Latino: Language origin.  Hispanics:Geographic origin.  In U.S. the term Hispanic was introduced as a “census category” by the Nixon administration in 1970 to identify people with Spanish heritage. It has been used as the “official” government term.

Commonalities and Diversity Commonalities and Diversity Immigrants from over 20 countries Immigrants from over 20 countries One size does not fit all One size does not fit all Language Language Acculturation Acculturation Generation Status Generation Status SES SES Life history Life history Cultural Diversity

U.S. Latino Population Today in Millions (Migration Policy Institute, 2006; Pew Hispanic, 2007)

Growth in Latino Population Gain of 200% to to to to -10 Loss of 10% +

1990 =56,667=1.1% 2000=378,963 = 4.7% 2007=643,333 =7.1% Births to Latinos increased by 1208% from 1990 to The number went from 1,754 in 1990 to 21,202 in 2006 or 17% of births. (NC Vital Statistics, 2008; Census; 2007) NC Latino Population

Kasarda, J. D., and Johnson, J. H.(2006). Distribution of Latinos Across N.C.

Statistics More than 50% of all women will experience violence from a partner. More than 50% of all women will experience violence from a partner. Wife beating results in more injuries required medical treatment for women than rape, auto accidents, and muggings combined. Wife beating results in more injuries required medical treatment for women than rape, auto accidents, and muggings combined. 30% of women murdered in the US are murdered by their husbands, ex-husbands or boyfriend. 30% of women murdered in the US are murdered by their husbands, ex-husbands or boyfriend. 70% of reported domestic violence assaults occur when the victim was out of the relationship. 70% of reported domestic violence assaults occur when the victim was out of the relationship.

Statistics Every 9 seconds there is a victim of Domestic Violence Every 9 seconds there is a victim of Domestic Violence A woman increases her chances of being killed 75% after she leaves the home. A woman increases her chances of being killed 75% after she leaves the home. 60% of the time the first battering occurs during pregnancy. 60% of the time the first battering occurs during pregnancy.

Connections Between Domestic Violence and Child Abuse Some studies report abuse as high as 50-70% of Latina women in their samples (Aguilar Hass et al., 2000) Some studies report abuse as high as 50-70% of Latina women in their samples (Aguilar Hass et al., 2000) Higher in rural areas (Murdaugh et al., 2004) Higher in rural areas (Murdaugh et al., 2004) Perpetrators who abuse their partners are at least 15 times more likely to abuse a child. Perpetrators who abuse their partners are at least 15 times more likely to abuse a child % of batterers abuse both % of batterers abuse both (Kellogg & Menard, 2003)

D.V. Statistics More than 50% of all women will experience violence from a partner. More than 50% of all women will experience violence from a partner. Wife beating results in more injuries required medical treatment for women than rape, auto accidents, and muggings combined. Wife beating results in more injuries required medical treatment for women than rape, auto accidents, and muggings combined. 30% of women murdered in the US are murdered by their husbands, ex- husbands or boyfriend. 30% of women murdered in the US are murdered by their husbands, ex- husbands or boyfriend. 70% of reported domestic violence assaults occur when the victim was out of the relationship. 70% of reported domestic violence assaults occur when the victim was out of the relationship.

Jeopardy Jeopardy Also available online

THE LAW

$200 Question How does domestic violence affect children? How does domestic violence affect children? Children experience fear, confusion, hopelessness, physical and mental health problems, and may learn to distrust adults. Children experience fear, confusion, hopelessness, physical and mental health problems, and may learn to distrust adults.

What is a Domestic Violence Protective Order? What is a Domestic Violence Protective Order? A court order that protects a victim from their perpetrator. The purpose of this is to prevent further domestic violence. A court order that protects a victim from their perpetrator. The purpose of this is to prevent further domestic violence. $400 Question

How can a domestic violence conviction affect a person who is not a U.S. citizen? How can a domestic violence conviction affect a person who is not a U.S. citizen? This can result in deportation and prevent a person from becoming a U.S. citizen. This can result in deportation and prevent a person from becoming a U.S. citizen. $800 Question

What is the Violence Against Women Act? What is the Violence Against Women Act? This law allows abused women who are married to United States citizens or legal permanent residents to apply for residency for themselves and their children. This law allows abused women who are married to United States citizens or legal permanent residents to apply for residency for themselves and their children. $1000 Question

HOMBRES Y MUJERES

Why do women stay with abusive men? Why do women stay with abusive men? The reasons include financial dependence, love, belief that the partner will change, belief in the importance of keeping the family together. The reasons include financial dependence, love, belief that the partner will change, belief in the importance of keeping the family together. $200 Question

Are pregnant women at especially high risk for abuse? Are pregnant women at especially high risk for abuse? Yes, one in five women are abused while pregnant. Yes, one in five women are abused while pregnant. $400 Question

Why are some men abusive? Why are some men abusive? Because they grew up watching their fathers abuse their mothers, they think women deserve abuse and want to be mistreated. Because they grew up watching their fathers abuse their mothers, they think women deserve abuse and want to be mistreated. $600 Question

Why do some women choose abusive partners? Why do some women choose abusive partners? Because they grew up watching their fathers abuse their mothers, they believe they have no choice but to accept abuse. Because they grew up watching their fathers abuse their mothers, they believe they have no choice but to accept abuse. $800 Question

Are upper class women less likely to be battered/ abused than other women? Are upper class women less likely to be battered/ abused than other women? No, abuse cuts across all classes, but upper classes are less likely to report abuse. No, abuse cuts across all classes, but upper classes are less likely to report abuse. $1000 Question

LATINOS AND ABUSE

Is domestic abuse a serious health issue for Latinas in the South? Is domestic abuse a serious health issue for Latinas in the South? Yes, recent studies have showed 54%-70% of Latinas reporting violent victimization in the last year. Yes, recent studies have showed 54%-70% of Latinas reporting violent victimization in the last year. $200 Question

Is domestic violence a crime in Mexico? Is domestic violence a crime in Mexico? Yes, in fact it was just made a law in Prior to that domestic violence was considered a private/family matter. Yes, in fact it was just made a law in Prior to that domestic violence was considered a private/family matter. $600 Question

Are Hispanic/Latino women less likely to report abuse than women of other backgrounds? Are Hispanic/Latino women less likely to report abuse than women of other backgrounds? Yes, Latinas often have limited English abilities, greater economic dependence, worries about deportation and losing their children, and obligations to marriage. Yes, Latinas often have limited English abilities, greater economic dependence, worries about deportation and losing their children, and obligations to marriage. $800 Question

What kind of stresses contribute to domestic violence in Hispanic/Latino families? What kind of stresses contribute to domestic violence in Hispanic/Latino families? They include poverty, adjusting to a new culture, being treated unfairly and disrespected at work and in other places. They include poverty, adjusting to a new culture, being treated unfairly and disrespected at work and in other places. $1000 Question

DEFINING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

What is domestic violence? What is domestic violence? Physical abuse, emotional and psychological abuse, sexual abuse, and economic abuse Physical abuse, emotional and psychological abuse, sexual abuse, and economic abuse $200 Question

Do problems with drugs and/or alcohol cause domestic violence? Do problems with drugs and/or alcohol cause domestic violence? No, drugs and alcohol may reinforce abuse but they do not cause the violence and should not be used to excuse it. No, drugs and alcohol may reinforce abuse but they do not cause the violence and should not be used to excuse it. $600 Question

What is the domestic abuser's goal? What is the domestic abuser's goal? Often times the individual is trying to gain power and control over his partner. Often times the individual is trying to gain power and control over his partner. $800 Question

"You need me. You'd be nothing without me... You're useless !" is an example of what type of Domestic Abuse? "You need me. You'd be nothing without me... You're useless !" is an example of what type of Domestic Abuse? Emotional or psychological abuse Emotional or psychological abuse $1000 Question

FINAL JEOPARDY QUESTION What is the percent of domestic abuse cases that resulted in injury to a woman versus a man? What is the percent of domestic abuse cases that resulted in injury to a woman versus a man? 90% of injuries were found among women (in the other 10% both were injured, but in all of those cases the injury was more severe for the woman) (Strauss, Steinmetz, Gelles, 1980) 90% of injuries were found among women (in the other 10% both were injured, but in all of those cases the injury was more severe for the woman) (Strauss, Steinmetz, Gelles, 1980)

Illegal Immigrants & Victims of Domestic Violence Deportation of self or partner Deportation of self or partner Language barriers Language barriers Losing their children Losing their children Losing the only community they know Losing the only community they know US laws, legal system. US laws, legal system. Stigma from their own family Stigma from their own family Not being able to provide financially for self and/or children Not being able to provide financially for self and/or children

What do Victims say they Need Information about their rights Information about their rights Information about legal services Information about legal services Help when going to court Help when going to court Information about DV Information about DV English lessons English lessons Protection for safety Protection for safety Transportation Transportation Education to become independent Education to become independent A place to stay A place to stay Someone to talk to in private Someone to talk to in private

Lasting Effects on the Children Without treatment, children are at significant risk for delinquency, substance abuse, school drop-out, and difficulties in their own relationships Without treatment, children are at significant risk for delinquency, substance abuse, school drop-out, and difficulties in their own relationships Over half of school-age children in DV Shelters show clinical levels of anxiety or posttraumatic stress disorder (Graham-Bermann, 1994) Over half of school-age children in DV Shelters show clinical levels of anxiety or posttraumatic stress disorder (Graham-Bermann, 1994) Exposure or experiencing domestic violence is one of the most common characteristics of sex offenders Exposure or experiencing domestic violence is one of the most common characteristics of sex offenders

Myths Alcohol and Drugs Cause DV Alcohol and Drugs Cause DV 95 % of abuse is by men 95 % of abuse is by men What else have you heard? What else have you heard?

Controversy DV exists on a continuum, all along which the underlying dynamic is male power and control. DV exists on a continuum, all along which the underlying dynamic is male power and control. DV comes in different types, and if there are different types, there may be different approaches to dealing with it most effectively. DV comes in different types, and if there are different types, there may be different approaches to dealing with it most effectively.

Situational Truths Domestic violence or aggression usually progresses and gets worse over time. Domestic violence or aggression usually progresses and gets worse over time. not true for what Mike Johnson calls situational couple violence not true for what Mike Johnson calls situational couple violence Most violence in the home is male on female. Most violence in the home is male on female. true for intimate terrorism true for intimate terrorism not true for situational couple violence not true for situational couple violence

Situational Truths Fact: Women are at least as likely to hit men as vice versa. BUT! Intimate terrorists are almost always men. Intimate terrorists are almost always men. Women suffer more long-term damage associated with IPV no matter who hits whom. Women suffer more long-term damage associated with IPV no matter who hits whom. 95% of all hospitalizations are women 95% of all hospitalizations are women The other 5% are both partners hurt The other 5% are both partners hurt

Prevention Focus on men – treatment for perpetrators Focus on men – treatment for perpetrators Work with low-income communities Work with low-income communities Prevention and education must target teens Prevention and education must target teens Young parents Young parents Prevent child’s exposure to DV Prevent child’s exposure to DV Change social norms Change social norms

Your Role…. R.L.C. NOT T.L.C

Stay calm, confident, sincere Stay calm, confident, sincere Respond using Reflective Listening Skills communication Respond using Reflective Listening Skills communication Inform them that there are resources available Inform them that there are resources available Stay objective to the family members Stay objective to the family members RESPOND:

Use provided Domestic Violence Contact Number for area & Domestic Violence Resource Card Use provided Domestic Violence Contact Number for area & Domestic Violence Resource Card Inform them that calling is not reporting, all calls are confidential. Calling for support does not mean the family must end…. Inform them that calling is not reporting, all calls are confidential. Calling for support does not mean the family must end…. Services include: shelter, counseling, court advocacy, abuser treatment, support groups, displace homemakers funds, etc… Services include: shelter, counseling, court advocacy, abuser treatment, support groups, displace homemakers funds, etc… LINK them to resources :

You should always remember to do no harm You should always remember to do no harm Help in planning but be safe first! Help in planning but be safe first! State your role clearly to them State your role clearly to them Domestic Disputes are often the most dangerous calls Law Enforcement responded to in the community Domestic Disputes are often the most dangerous calls Law Enforcement responded to in the community CAUTION:

Guiding Principals  Domestic Violence is a complex problem  Domestic Violence victims and perpetrators need specialized services  Service provided by domestic violence experts  People have the right to live a life free from threat or violence from current or former partners  Disclosing domestic violence is difficult for the victims  Safety is most important  Every effort will be made to maintain confidentiality  Consider the needs of the entire family

Resources North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence event_violence.htm North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence event_violence.htm event_violence.htm event_violence.htm Family Violence Prevention Fund Family Violence Prevention Fund Legal Resource Center on Violence Against Women Legal Resource Center on Violence Against Women National Coalition Against Domestic Violence National Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Understanding the Latino/Hispanic Culture Relationships: Personalismo Personal relationships are more important than institutional relationships Personal relationships are more important than institutional relationships Trust is placed in individuals, not in institutions Trust is placed in individuals, not in institutions Preference for collaborative rather that competitive activities. Preference for collaborative rather that competitive activities.

Etiquette Firm handshake -> hug and light kiss Firm handshake -> hug and light kiss Use of titles of respect before first names (Don and Doña) Use of titles of respect before first names (Don and Doña) More relaxed and flexible about time More relaxed and flexible about time Don’t stress about planning and focus on day to day concerns Don’t stress about planning and focus on day to day concerns Religion is very important Religion is very important “Sí Dios quiere…” “Sí Dios quiere…”

Language and Communication Respeto/humildad is shown by listening when a person is talking, by following his/her advice. Respeto/humildad is shown by listening when a person is talking, by following his/her advice. Respect for authority and elderly Respect for authority and elderly Personal Space - Affection Personal Space - Affection Tap on the shoulder Tap on the shoulder  Listen to what they want to say even if it not related to the task.  Don’t feel you have to answer all their questions or resolve their needs.

Language and Communication Individuals may not give you a direct/ straight answer Individuals may not give you a direct/ straight answer Tend to elaborate a lot in responses to questions Tend to elaborate a lot in responses to questions Some Hispanics don’t take criticism well; they react as if it is directed at them rather than the action performed Some Hispanics don’t take criticism well; they react as if it is directed at them rather than the action performed Hard to say “No” - avoid confrontation Hard to say “No” - avoid confrontation

Family Values / Familismo  Family: most important social unit  Machismo: father as head of the family (dominant figure)  Marianismo: traditionally place of mother in the home  Moral responsibility: help other members of the family - Velar  Family ties: very strong  Families gather together

Family Values…cont’d Hispanics who immigrate to U.S. may lose the support provided by the extended family. Hispanics who immigrate to U.S. may lose the support provided by the extended family. This can at times cause a shift in gender roles and a change in roles of parents and children. This can at times cause a shift in gender roles and a change in roles of parents and children.

Connecting with the Hispanic Community and Building Trust Slow process Slow process Listening and observing Listening and observing Attending fiestas, events Attending fiestas, events Talking with members of the community Talking with members of the community Knowing their concerns Knowing their concerns Knowing their differences Knowing their differences Knowing their skills Knowing their skills

How Do We Get Started? Establish a presence in the Hispanic community Establish a presence in the Hispanic community Attend cultural events in your community, such as festivals and soccer tournaments Attend cultural events in your community, such as festivals and soccer tournaments Develop personal connections with Hispanic community leader: Hispanic organizations/ churches/ schools/ directors/ restaurants Develop personal connections with Hispanic community leader: Hispanic organizations/ churches/ schools/ directors/ restaurants Learn about the community and context in which people live, and get to know people as individuals Learn about the community and context in which people live, and get to know people as individuals

Engaging Programs Be aware of constraints church leaders face Be aware of constraints church leaders face Consult the group about best time to meet Consult the group about best time to meet Be flexible Be flexible Evenings and weekends might be best Evenings and weekends might be best

Hang signs in Spanish leading to the meeting room, restrooms, and other needed facilities. Hang signs in Spanish leading to the meeting room, restrooms, and other needed facilities. Serve food and/or snacks. Serve food and/or snacks. Offer door prizes. Offer door prizes. Consider transportation needs. If possible, provide transportation options. Consider transportation needs. If possible, provide transportation options. Engaging Programs

Make things less formal Make things less formal Fun activities: role plays, hands- on activities, drama, video, use of personal history, culturally relevant materials. Fun activities: role plays, hands- on activities, drama, video, use of personal history, culturally relevant materials. Ex: Putting together a shelf without instructions Ex: Putting together a shelf without instructions Find out the Spanish literacy level and English proficiency level of the individuals you are working with. Find out the Spanish literacy level and English proficiency level of the individuals you are working with. Engaging Programs

Allow them to interact. Allow them to interact. Use cooperative activities rather that competitive activities. Use cooperative activities rather that competitive activities. Make a comfortable environment. Make a comfortable environment. Written material a supporting player. Written material a supporting player.

Engaging Programs If you need an interpreter, try to find a bilingual volunteer known by the community. If you need an interpreter, try to find a bilingual volunteer known by the community. If you don’t speak Spanish, try to learn and use common phrases. If you don’t speak Spanish, try to learn and use common phrases.

Create a warm relationship. Create a warm relationship. Emphasize relationships over tasks. Emphasize relationships over tasks. Make a firm commitment to follow up with church leaders. Make a firm commitment to follow up with church leaders. Invite other Latino community partners if needed. Invite other Latino community partners if needed. Remember…

Remember… Do not get discouraged if outcomes are not what you expected, try again! Do not get discouraged if outcomes are not what you expected, try again! Building trust is a process that takes time. Building trust is a process that takes time.