Language Development Theories: Practical Implications

PowerPoint Outline I. Introduction II. Theories of Language Acquisition

I. INTRODUCTION** Children begin developing language at birth as they interact with their caregivers. Children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds are exposed to diverse experiences; this diversity creates the concepts to which children attach symbols, or words.

II. Theories of Language Acquisition** A. Behaviorist Theory: B.F. Skinner Explains acquisition of verbal behavior Verbal behaviors are learned under appropriate conditions of stimulation, response, and reinforcement Breaks verbal behavior down into echoics, mands, tacts

In therapy, clinicians who use principles of the behaviorist theory:

For example:** Target: The child will use the word earth in a sentence. Appropriate antecedent event “What planet do we live on?” Child: “We live on planet Earth.” SLP: Right! Great! Here’s a

Youtube Sheldon trains Penny

B. Social Interactionism Theory** Language function, not structure, is emphasized Language develops as a result of children’s social interactions with the important people in their lives Vygotsky (Russian psychologist): language knowledge is acquired through social interaction with more competent and experienced members of the child’s culture

According to social interactionism theory:

Clinical Implications:

How would you motivate the following clients to talk?

C. Cognitive Theory** Jean Piaget Emphasizes cognition, or knowledge and mental processes Language acquisition is made possible by cognition and general intellectual processes Two forms: strong cognition hypothesis and weak cognition hypothesis

Strong cognition hypothesis:** Cognitive abilities are prerequisites to language skills Language will absolutely not develop without these cognitive abilities

Weak cognition hypothesis:

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:

Youtube video: Lucille Piaget’s sensorimotor

Preoperational (2-7 years)

Concrete Operations (7-11 years)** Acquires conservation and classification skills Child less egocentric, has ability to see others’ points of view

Youtube A typical child on Piaget’s conservation tasks

Formal Operations (over 11 years)

Clinical implications of the cognitive theory:

Also….** If cognitive skills are low, why bother with language therapy? It won’t help, because the foundation (cognition) is not there Thus, children with (low) cognitive skills that are commensurate with their (low) language skills are denied therapy

Lastly…** Clinicians must assess and treat cognitive precursors to language and facilitate development of these precursors before working on language itself So, with a very young child, you would work on symbolic play and object permanence before you tried to have a child say her first word

D. Nativist Theory:** Noam Chomsky All children are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) This is a specialized processor that is a physiological part of the brain --Children have an innate capacity to acquire language

Hulit et al. 2015:

Chomsky introduced the concepts of:** Language competence- innate Language performance- what we actually see Surface structure—phrase or sentence you actually hear Deep structure—holds rules of sentence formulation

surface structure Deep structure

Clinical implications of the nativist theory are scant:

Drawbacks:

E. Information Processing Theory

Phonological processing:** Concerned with processes involved in a child’s ability to mentally manipulate phonological aspects of language These include word rhyming, syllabication, etc.

Temporal auditory processing:** Child’s ability to perceive the brief acoustic events that make up speech sounds and track changes in these events as they happen quickly in the speech of other people Child’s capacity for and speed of processing Children with problems can’t remember and repeat back digit strings, lists of real or nonsense words, etc.—esp. if fast

PowerPoint Outline I. Introduction II. Theories of Language Acquisition

If we can provide early intervention for children with language impairments…** We will prevent many future problems and help these children achieve their social, academic, and professional potential