The Geography of Greece

Geography- 3 major geographic features that influenced Greek Civilization Mountains How do you think Mountains affected the development of Greece? Politically? Socially? Economically? Pindus Mountains covered ¾ of Greece. A1. Significantly influenced Greek political life A2. Divided the land into many different regions. A3. Mountains made it difficult to trade and unite the area.

B. Climate- Mild Climate, b/w 50 & 80 degrees C B. Climate- Mild Climate, b/w 50 & 80 degrees C. Bodies of Water- Sea shaped Greek life (similar to rivers in other civilizations) Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea & Ionian Sea C1. Peninsula with 2,000 miles of coastline. C2. Offshore islands provided stepping stones to other areas C3. Greeks became skilled sailors, Sea travel important to trade.

Archaic Greece: 1650 BCE - 700 BCE

The Minoans 2000 - 1400 BCE

The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E.

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Minoan Crete a. Palace culture 2000-1450 b.c.e. - King Minos - Knossos

Artist’s Recreation of Knossos

Palace of King Minos – North Entrance

Palace of King Minos - Interiors

Palace of King Minos – Throne Room

Bull Cult

b. Merchant culture - Extensive trade throughout the Mediterranean - wine, olive oil, wool for grain, textiles & manufactured goods.

Minoan Trade Coast of Crete “Bireme” ship

c. Writing system - Linear A- written symbols represented syllables.

Early Writing System: “Linear A” (Undecipherable) Canon?

Decline Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tidal waves. 1628- most destructive eruption 1600-1450 b.c.e rebuilt luxurious palaces - indoor plumbing -drainage system - some had a flushing toilet!

The Mycenaeans (Achaeans) 1500 - 1100 BCE

The Mycenaean World: mid-2M B.C.E.

The Mycenaean Civilization

Became most powerful people in the region II. Mycenaeans Indo- European, settled in Southern Greece. 1200 b.c.e. attacked the city of Troy, fought the Trojan War for ten years. Became most powerful people in the region C1. Attacked the city because The Trojan price had kidnapped Helen, the wife of a Greek King.

The Trojan War Mid 12 Century b.c.e.

Homer, the Blind Poet

Homer’s Great Epics

E. Iliad heroes were Greek warrior Achilles and Hector of Troy. D. Homer D1. Iliad and the Odyssey - 10 year Trojan war E. Iliad heroes were Greek warrior Achilles and Hector of Troy. E1. Story shows Greek heroic ideal of virtue and excellence. F. Odyssey- adventure s of Odysseus, the defeat of the Trojans and the journey home. G. Mycenaean civilization collapsed after the war with Troy. Stories of this written in an epic by a blind poet named

Helen of Troy, the face that launched 1000 ships

Plan of the City of Troy

The Mask of Agamemnon

Mycenae Citadel & Reconstruction

Lion’s Gate Entrance to Mycenae

Mycenaean Writing System: “Linear B” Earliest form of Ancient Greek dialect

III. Dorian 1200 b.c.e Dorians moved into the area of Greece and settled Had no writing system all records disappeared trade stopped, The economy collapsed. B1. Greece entered a Dark Age- lasted for 450 years They did not paint pictures or their life or create art, but they did pass on oral history

"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece: 700 BCE - 324 BCE

The Rise of the Greek Polis Eboea Syracuse Athens Larissa Naxos Corinth

III. Development of the Greek polis Small, independent city-states Geographical constraints on centralization Colonization Cultural unity: -common language, religion, festivals

IV. 2 Main City-States A Sparta- located in the Southern part of Greece. A1. Dedicated to build a strong city-state, everything was done for the military A2. Military training began at an early age A3. Spartans valued strength duty, and discipline over individuality and beauty. Age 7- boys left home to train as soldiers Age 20- became full soldiers Could marry, but must live in military barracks Age 30- became full citizens and could live in own homes. Continued to serve in military until age 60

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

B1. Athens- Located on the Southeastern tip of Peloponnesus Peninsula B1. Created the worlds 1st democracy- direct democracy. B2. Citizenship requirements: 1. Male 2. Born in Athens 3. Must own property B3. Important people of Athens; Draco- wrote 1st written code of laws Harsh penalties for people of Athens Solon- Ruler that made laws less harsh, allowed people to vote

B4. Democracy was not a complete success 1. Restricted citizenship 2 B4. Democracy was not a complete success 1. Restricted citizenship 2. Slavery - 1/3 Athenian population 3. Restricted freedom of speech 4. Must go to Athens to vote 5. Practiced called Ostracism - Once a year Athenian citizens voted to banish people from the city-state.

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous Battles Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy victorious

Delian League- alliance between the poleis to discourage further Persian actions in Greece. Athens is the leader of the league Other poleis resented giving money to Athenians.

Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE

Great Athenian Philosophers Socrates Know thyself! question everything only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness. Plato The Academy The world of the FORMS The Republic  philosopher-king

Great Athenian Philosophers Aristotle The Lyceum “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation]. Logic. Scientific method.

Peloponnesian War: Sparta v. Athens (441-404 b.c.e) 2 most powerful city-states in Greece Other poleis chose sides Conflict went back and forth

SPARTA Helots  Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

SPARTA

Peloponnesian Wars

Athens: The Arts & Sciences DRAMA (tragedians): Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras Democritus  all matter made up of small atoms. Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”

Phidias’ Acropolis

The Acropolis Today

The Parthenon

The Agora

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

Olympia

The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

The 2004 Olympics

Macedonia Under Philip II

"Hellenistic" Greece: 324 BCE - 100 BCE

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

The Hellenization of Asia

Pergamum: A Hellenistic City

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic Philosophers Cynics  Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. citizens of the world. live a humble, simple life. Epicurians  Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure. all excess leads to pain! politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic Philosophers Stoics  Zeno nature is the expansion of divine will. concept of natural law. get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all. true happiness is found in great achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus  heliocentric theory. Euclid  geometry Archimedes  pulley Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art. Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire