REMINDER: Big Island Field Trip November 3-5 $50 deposit by Sept. 15 Kilo Moana Field Trip Wednesday October 25 Thursday October 26

Kohala Hualalai Mauna Loa Mauna Kea Kilauea

WeekTopicReading 1Scientific method, origin of solar systemChapter 1 2Origin of solar system, plate tectonicsChapters 1 & 15 3Plate tectonics, Exam I reviewChapter 15 Sept. 11 & 12Exam I 4MineralsChapter 2 5Igneous rocks and volcanoesChapters 3 & 4 6Weathering, sedimentary rocksChapters 5 & 6 7Metamorphic rocks, Exam II reviewChapter 7 Oct. 5 & 6Exam II 8Relative & radiometric dating, geologic time scaleChapter 18 9Folds and faults, mountain buildingChapter 17 10Earthquakes, Exam III reviewChapter 14 Oct. 30 & 31Exam III 11GroundwaterChapter 10 Nov. 3-5BIG ISLAND FIELD TRIP 12Surface waterChapter 9 13Glaciers, paleoclimatologyChapter 11 14Global warmingHandouts 15Coastal processes, coastal managementChapter 13 16Q&A, review for final examall chapters Dec. 14 & 15Final Exam Grading:#% final grade Exams (I, II, III, Final)460% In-class activities/homework1540% There is no extra credit.

smallest possible particle of a chemical element that retains that element’s chemical properties

smallest possible particle of a chemical element that retains its chemical properties what does this remind you of?

The more precisely the position is determined, the less precisely the momentum is known in this instant, and vice versa. --Heisenberg, uncertainty paper, 1927

Atomic number = number of protons Valence electrons

a substance that cannot be decomposed or transformed into other chemical substances by ordinary chemical processes smallest possible particle of a chemical element that retains that element’s chemical properties = ATOM

a substance that cannot be decomposed or transformed into other chemical substances by ordinary chemical processes = ELEMENT Periodic Table first created in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev

organization by electron shells elements whose outermost electrons fall in the numbered shell the number of electrons that can reside in a shell is equal to 2n 2

organization by number of valence electrons (outer shell electrons) the number of electrons that can reside in a shell is equal to 2n 2

stable configuration: valence shell contains maximum electrons (8) unstable elements WANT to combine

Ionic bond: electrons transferred (usually from metal to non-metal) Ion: protons ≠ electrons

each element of ion pair now more stable electrons 18 electrons

stable configuration: valence shell contains maximum electrons (8) 1.ionic bonding…electron transfer 2.

stable configuration: valence shell contains maximum electrons (8) 2. covalent bonding…electron sharing

stable configuration: valence shell contains maximum electrons (8) covalent bonding…electron sharing

Take-home message: Most of Earth’s elements PREFER (chemically) to exist in combination with other elements ~ accomplished via electrostatic bonding

only eight elements make up 98% of Earth’s crust (by weight) Which are most abundant? Why?

“Iron Catastrophe” Planet became chemically differentiated Increasing Fe/Mg toward core Increasing Si/O toward crust

most abundantleast abundant Most of Earth’s elements PREFER (chemically) to exist in combination with other elements

Building blocks… Made up of: Description: 1.(Quarks, photons, neutrinos……….Subatomic) 2.Protons, neutrons, electrons……………Atomic 3.Atoms…………………………………...Element 4.…? Increasing size, complexity

Building blocks… Made up of: Description: 1.(Quarks, photons, neutrinos……….Subatomic) 2.Protons, neutrons, electrons……………Atomic 3.Atoms…………………………………...Element 4.Atom  molecule/compound…………..Mineral Increasing size, complexity

Geologists’ definition of “mineral”… 1.Naturally occurring (no synthetics) 2.Solid substance (on Earth) 3.Orderly crystalline structure 4.Definite chemical composition 5.Generally inorganic

How do you identify a mineral?

Physical properties of minerals 1.Crystal form 2.Luster 3.Color 4.Streak 5.Hardness 6.Cleavage 7.Density/specific gravity 8.Other

1. Crystal form………….

2. Luster………….

3. Color………….

3. Streak………….

4. Hardness…

5. Cleavage

6. Fracture…

7. Specific gravity/density… weight of mineral vs. weight of equal volume of water Asbestos = 2.45 Basalt = 3.01 Coral = 2.12 Granite = 2.69 Etc…

8. Other… Taste Elasticity Malleability Feel (greasy, soapy) Magnetism Double refraction Etc…

Take-home message: Physical properties of minerals can be used in combination to determine mineral type

Building blocks… Made up of: Description: 1.(Quarks, photons, neutrinos……….Subatomic) 2.Protons, neutrons, electrons……………Atomic 3.Atoms…………………………………...Element 4.Atom  molecule/compound…………..Mineral 5.…? Increasing size, complexity

Building blocks… Made up of: Description: 1.(Quarks, photons, neutrinos……….Subatomic) 2.Protons, neutrons, electrons……………Atomic 3.Atoms…………………………………...Element 4.Atom  molecule/compound…………..Mineral 5.Minerals……………………………………...Rock Increasing size, complexity

ROCK: Any solid mass of mineral, or mineral-like, matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet