Pre-Industrial Society

1700’s- people worked the land & were subsistent They grew their own food, made their own clothes, etc. One of three fields left fallow to regain fertility Animals grazed in common pastures

Disadvantages and Change Disadvantages Land use inefficientLand use inefficient Farmers didn’t experiment with new methodsFarmers didn’t experiment with new methods Forces for Change Population growth- more food neededPopulation growth- more food needed French blockade meant no corn- more food neededFrench blockade meant no corn- more food needed

Agricultural Revolution: new mixtures of soil  increased crop production seed drill  plant seeds more efficiently (= more food) breeding stronger animals for labor

The Enclosure Movement After buying up the land of village farmers, wealthy landowners fenced off land to produce more food & make more $$$ After buying up the land of village farmers, wealthy landowners fenced off land to produce more food & make more $$$ As a result of the enclosure movement As a result of the enclosure movement Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or move to the citiesLarge landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or move to the cities

“ Enclosed ” Lands Today

Crop Rotation

Crop Rotation: Crop rotation allows land to rejuvenate, producing more food Moved from a two-field system to a three field system. This allows one field to recover its fertility.

Results of Agricultural Revolution More food availableMore food available Population increasedPopulation increased

Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism

Cottage Industry Merchants’ Role They supplied materials (wool and cotton) to cottages to be carded and spunThey supplied materials (wool and cotton) to cottages to be carded and spun They sold the finished product for profitThey sold the finished product for profitCapitalism Economic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profitEconomic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profit

Effects of Cottage Industry Big profits for new class of merchantsBig profits for new class of merchants Alternative source of income for peasantsAlternative source of income for peasants

The Textile Industry

Major Inventions of the Textile Industry 1733 – John Kay invents flying shuttle 1764 – James Hargreaves invents spinning jenny Eli Whitney invents cotton gin These new textile machines are too big for homes  so factories are built 1 st along rivers & powered by water, but eventually steam engine powers machines  factories can be located anywhere

Textile Factory Workers in England looms 150, 000 workers , 000 looms 200, 000 workers , 000 looms>1 million workers

Textile Factory Workers in England

John Kay ’ s “ Flying Shuttle ”

The Power Loom

Effects of Textile Industry Prices of mass-produced textiles were lower than hand-made itemsPrices of mass-produced textiles were lower than hand-made items Britain’s textile industry increasedBritain’s textile industry increased Majority of villagers forced to leave home to find work in urban factoriesMajority of villagers forced to leave home to find work in urban factories

James Watt ’ s Steam Engine

Steam Tractor

Steam Engine: Energy for the Revolution The Need for Energy Early factories used horses and water mills for energy so steam evolved as a response to growing needEarly factories used horses and water mills for energy so steam evolved as a response to growing need How does it work? Steam forced from high to low pressure produces powerSteam forced from high to low pressure produces power Effect of Steam Engine Steam power increases textile productionSteam power increases textile production Improved mining fuels other industriesImproved mining fuels other industries

Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution

Iron and Coal Need for Iron Farming tools, new factor machinery, railwaysFarming tools, new factor machinery, railways Smelting makes iron more pure but requires carbonSmelting makes iron more pure but requires carbon Need for Coal Carbon needed for smeltingCarbon needed for smelting Steam engines powered by coalSteam engines powered by coal Effect of Iron and Coal Britain produced most iron in worldBritain produced most iron in world Coal powers Britain’s enormous navyCoal powers Britain’s enormous navy

Transportation Changes

Transportation Advances: As textiles and other goods increase in production  there becomes a need for better & faster transportation to get goods to markets for sale  improvements to roads, canals, railroads, steamboats

Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Steam Ship

The Railroads: A steam engine on wheels (the railroad locomotive) drove English industry after 1820 Railroads were a cheap way to transport goods and people They also boosted agricultural & fishing industry- b/c goods could be transported before spoiling

An Early Steam Locomotive

The Impact of the Railroad

Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

Britain ’ s Advantages & Economic Strength: Natural resources are plentiful (coal – burn to fuel engines; iron – used to build machines) Human resources people needed work (& religious morals encourage strong work ethic) Technology new ideas spurred by scientific revolution & enlightenment – skilled mechanics, practical inventors, etc. Economics trade from overseas colonies strengthens economy & business merchants (middle class) have $ to invest; population growth also results in a greater demand for more products (more people want more stuff) Stable government

Industrialization

The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

Growth of Cities Growth of factory system brought many to cities and towns This movement and growth of cities is known as- urbanization Cities in Britain doubled and tripled in size London became Europe’s largest city

Factory Workers at Home

Living/Working Conditions No plans, no sanitary codes, no building codes planned for growth Lack of adequate housing, education, and police protection No drainage/sewage systems- led to widespread disease and cholera epidemics Average life span of factory worker was 17 years Work- 14 hours a day, 6 days a week

Child Labor

Class Tensions Factory owners and merchants grew more wealthy than landowners/aristocrats A large middle class developed (upper/lower) – –upper middle class (government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, coal mines, and shops – –Lower middle class (factory overseers, toolmakers, and printers) Lower class saw little improvement in their economic conditions

Positive/Negative Effects of Industrialization Positive/Negative Effects of Industrialization Created jobs Contributed to wealth of the nation Cheaper, mass produced clothing More efficient to ship goods Prosperity of middle and upper classes Laborers eventually won higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions Child labor Air pollution Unemployment & loss of jobs Loss of family farms Cramped living conditions People often sick Divorces increased

Industrial Staffordshire

Factory Workers at Home

k k Working class became more involved in politics- needed reform (long hours, dirty and dangerous working conditions) k k Workers joined associations known as unions k k Unions would engage in collective bargaining- negotiations between workers and their employers. k k They bargained for better working conditions and higher pay. If demands were not met, they would strike- refuse to work