Development of African Civilizations Eastern African Civilizations

A. Kingdom of Kush African hunting/gathering societies began to grow crops and domesticate animals – Neolithic Revolution 2000 BCE – Nubia has grown due to large amounts of trade between it and Egypt Ivory, ebony, frankincense and leopard skins

Max. extent of Kush in 700 BCE A. Kush continued Nubia was under Egyptian control until 1000 BCE, when they won independence and formed the state of Kush 750 BCE – Kush conquered Egypt but they were unable to hold off the Assyrians Due in large part to inferior weaponry Max. extent of Kush in 700 BCE Kushites were using bronze and stone tools, while Assyrians were using iron spears and swords Meroe was the site of iron ore deposits – they had learned iron smelting from the Assyrians – and there was a new land route that went through Meroe

5. Agricultural  Trading A. Kush continued 5. Agricultural  Trading 6. Meroe became a bustling trade city and the capital 7. Kush continued as a trading empire until the rise of Axum in about 150 CE 1. iron products, ivory, gold, ebony and slaves from Central and Eastern Africa 2. traded with the Roman Empire, Arabia and India

8. Egyptian hieroglyphics  Meroetic writing 9. Nubian Pyramids A. Kush continued 8. Egyptian hieroglyphics  Meroetic writing 9. Nubian Pyramids “Nubia and the Mysteries of Kush” film

A. Kush Continued 10. Candace of Nubia Legendary ruler of Kush Candace = Kandake “Then the Angel of the Lord said to Philip, Start out and go south to the road that leads down from Jerusalem to Gaza, which is desert. And he arose and went: And behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace, Queen of E-thi-o’pi-ans, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem to worship.” a. Relief of a ruler, a Candace of Meroë named Kandake Amanitore

How does Kush exemplify the characteristics of a civilization? Organized government? Class Structure? Organized religion? Cities? System of Writing? Art and Architecture?

B. Axum Modern day Ethiopia Founded by Arabs Combined Arab and African cultures Trading city on the Red Sea – between India and the Mediterranean King ‘Ezana converted to Christianity in 330 CE Invaded and conquered Kush

4. Obelisks were unique architectural developments B. Axum continued 4. Obelisks were unique architectural developments 5. Ge’ez – written language

How does Axum exemplify the characteristics of a civilization? Organized government? Class Structure? Organized religion? Cities? System of Writing? Art and Architecture?

C. Bantu Migrations c. 2500 BCE – 600 CE Who are the Bantu? The Bantu are a group of Africans who migrated from West Africa to South Africa spreading their knowledge of ironworking and farming.  Map of Bantu Migration. As a result, the Bantu provided systematic agriculture, ironworking, their language and domesticated animals to many parts of Africa.   What does the Bantu have to do with the Neolithic Revolution?

C. Bantu Migrations c. 2500 BCE – 600 CE Who are the Bantu? The Bantu are a group of Africans who migrated from West Africa to South Africa spreading their knowledge of ironworking and farming.  Map of Bantu Migration. As a result, the Bantu provided systematic agriculture, ironworking, their language and domesticated animals to many parts of Africa.   What does the Bantu have to do with the Neolithic Revolution? Answer:  They spread farming using metal tools.

C. Bantu Migrations continued 1. c.  2500 BCE the process of desertification began to force the migration of people out of North Africa 2. Migrated to the Niger Delta Region as small communities 3. Scholars traced the migration patterns by studying language patterns      a.  a variety of languages     b.  root language is Bantu 4. Migration to the South and East later in time (between 1000 BCE -1000 CE)     a.  one of the largest migrations in human history     b.  split into 2 branches (East and West Africa) 5. Developed a diversity of cultures

C. Bantu Migrations continued 3. Agriculture 1. Many of the people that Bantu came across were using stone or wood so they adapted to Bantu ironworking and farming. population grew faster because produced higher yields (more) people began encroaching on one another's land. needed more territory thus causing migration  

3. Agriculture continued 2. Based on subsistence farming=only for family, not to trade or sell. 3. Grew millet, sorghum,  melons, beans, yams* and bananas* (*produced a lot =high yield) 4. Women tilled field and cared for children 5. Men hunted or traded  6. After 1000 C.E., the descendants established city Great Zimbabwe-a wealthy trading city.

D. What were the effects of the Bantu Migrations? Positive Effects Iron working New crops e.g. yams, bananas They absorbed other tribes e.g. the gathers They introduced centralized administration Permanent homes  Iron smelting Subsistence agriculture They led to a rise of large states and bigger tribes in East Africa, e.g. the Baganda, Kikuyu, Nyamwezi. e.t.c

D. Effects of Bantu Migration continued Negative effects   Depopulation There was loss of culture due to cultural absorption There was transformation of languages into new ones1" 1. http://www.elateafrica.org/elate/history/bantumigration/causesandeffects.html

Map of Bantu Migration of language