A.P. Biology-Day 52 Take out your organic molecules packet Should high schools perform urine tests for steroids in athletes? How are you doing with memorizing functional groups and example compounds that have them? This will help understand the organic compounds properties.

Amino Acids=Protein

Dehydration Synthesis

Structures of Protein  Primary  ---the order of amino acids  ---polymer of peptide bonds  Secondary  ---helix or beta sheet, discovered by Linus Pauling  Tertiary Structure  ---folded on itself with hydrogen bonds  ---determines the active site of the protein  ---determined by the R-site  Quaternary Structure  ---multiple chains

Tertiary Structure support between R-groups…like a phone cord  Disulfide linkage: S-H helps hold proteins together to form a tertiary structure. The phosphate group is what makes DNA a negative charged molecule which then can be separated with gel electrophoresis  Hydrophobic Van der wall interactions –Nonpolar amino acids avoid water and move to one side and attract to each other by Van der wall interactions  Ionic  Hydrogen bonds: H---O, H---N

Functions of Proteins  Structural support  Catalysis of reactions (enzymes)  Defense (antibodies)  Movement (contractile proteins)  Signaling (protein hormones)  Transport (cell membrane)  Receptors  Storage

The order of amino acids determine the tertiary structure which determines the function of the protein The order of amino acids are coded by the order of nitrogen bases found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Nucleotides make up nucleic acids