Format for Developing Problem Questions What is the relationship between ____________ and ____________? and ____________? Slide 2.1

Criteria for Problem Questions v Stated unambiguously v Include at least two variables v Testable v Not value judgments v Grammatical Slide 2.2

EXAMPLE F: A Failing Paper I have often wondered why women have to work harder to advance in organizations. I feel that it is important to help women improve there promotability in organizations. This paper attempts to find out how women can face this in the organization. How to help women get a fair chance for promotions is an important problem in our society. I feel this problem is meaningful to solve because the way you communicate causes you to be perceived differently. In conclusion, how women are given their due is an importent communication problem. Slide 2.3

Logic in Research v Major Premise: If p, then q v Minor Premise: p or not q v Conclusion: q not p Slide 2.4

Logic of Using Hypotheses v Major Premise: If theory is true, data support hypotheses If theory is true, data support hypotheses v Minor Premise: Theory is true or data will not support Theory is true or data will not support hypotheses hypotheses v Conclusion: Data support hypotheses Data support hypotheses or Theory is not true or Theory is not true Slide 2.5

Method to Construct Hypotheses to Predict Differences Subjects who are________________ will have______________ will have______________ than others who are__________________. than others who are__________________. Slide 2.6

Method to Construct Hypotheses of Simple Relationships There will be a____________ relationship between relationship between ________________and ________________and _________________. _________________. Slide 2.7

H 1 (non directional) Notation for Hypotheses Slide 2.8A

= Notation for Hypotheses H 1 (non directional) Slide 2.8B

= Notation for Hypotheses H 1 (non directional) H 1 (directional) Slide 2.8C

= Notation for Hypotheses H 1 (non directional) H 1 (directional) Slide 2.8D

= Notation for Hypotheses H 1 (non directional) H 1 (directional) H o (null) Slide 2.8E

= Notation for Hypotheses H 1 (non directional) H 1 (directional) H o (null) = Slide 2.8

Logic of the Null Hypothesis v Major Premise: If null hypothesis is true, data will show no true, data will show no relationships/differences relationships/differences v Minor Premise: Data show relationships/differences relationships/differences v Conclusion: Therefore, null hypothesis is not true hypothesis is not true Slide 2.9

Variable Types v INputs INdependent Variables INdependent Variables v OUTputs Dependent Variables Dependent Variables Slide 2.10