The Italian and Northern Renaissance and the Reformation

The Renaissance An Era of Awakening Causes – ruins of Roman Empire, Byzantines had preserved Greek and Roman learning, trade with Asia and Africa The humanities – crucial approach to learning, studied classics, admired human achievement 2

Italian Renaissance Writers Petrarch – Humanist- studied classical writers, believed it is important to lead a full and active life here on earth Machiavelli – Humanist Wrote “The Prince”- lack of concern for conventional morality. A ruler should be concerned with only power and political success. 3

4 Castiglione- Italian diplomat “The Book of the Courtier” -Unique in that he used real people engaged in fictional conversations to explain how gentlemen and gentlewomen should act in polite society.

5 Italian Renaissance Artists Used a techniques called perspective to make the paintings look more lifelike. Distant objects were smaller than the closer objects, which created an illusion of depth

Italian Renaissance Artists Realistic scenes and images instead of religious concerns as in Medieval paintings. Giotto- realistic paintings- lifelike Masaccio- used light and shadows to create depth 6

7 Leonardo da Vinci – architect, painter, engineer, scientist, sculptor The Last Supper and Mona Lisa were his two most famous paintings Michelangelo – painter and sculptor Painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling in the Vatican He wrote poetry and helped design St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome Italian Renaissance Artists

The Northern Renaissance Spread of ideas- printing Johannes Gutenberg – printing press- used movable type to print books, copies of the Bible. Scribes- did not like the printing press because it threatened their career 8

Northern Renaissance Writers Desiderius Erasmus – studied early Christian as well as classical culture Wrote The Praise of Folly in which he ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice of Christians. Thomas More – Utopia- all male citizens were equal and everyone worked for the community. He was later executed by Henry VII because he refused to agree he was the supreme head of the Church. 400 years later named a saint of the Catholic Church. 9

10 William Shakespeare – transformed well-known stories into dramatic masterpieces. He skillfully portrayed personality and human emotion. Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth

Northern Renaissance Artists The Flemish school- painters credited with perfecting oil on canvas techniques. Great attention to detail, facial expressions Realistic human figures and subject matter. Brueghel the Elder- painted village scenes and dances, also used paintings to criticize intolerance and cruelty 11

12 Northern Renaissance Artists Hans Holbein the Younger- painted portraits of famous people. Thomas More, Henry VIII, Erasmus

The Protestant Reformation Causes – humanists urged believers who were unhappy with traditional religion to withdraw from the church and meet with like-minded people The beginning – popes sold indulgences to raise money Tetzel sent by the Pope to raise funds for the church 13

Martin Luther Luther’s protest – publicly challenged the selling of indulgences in 95 theses Break with the church – Pope Leo X ex- communicated Luther, Diet of Worms Edict of Worms For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work. 14

15 Charles V the Holy Roman emperor led the trial. Martin was able to escape with the help of Frederick the Wise While in hiding Luther translated the Bible into German He established the Lutheran Church His ministers were less important than Catholic priests because he believed people could translate for themselves.

The Spread of Protestantism Protestantism – the princes supporting Luther protested the emperor’s treatment of him The rise of sects – societies of a few people led by a preacher The Anglican Church – Henry VIII’s desire for a divorce caused him to create the Church of England which did grant the divorce 16

17 Calvinism Zwingli- vicar of the cathedral of Switzerland met with Luther- agreed with many things Disagreed with forms of worship and religious symbols He died and his work was carried on by John Calvin

Calvinism Calvin’s church – The Institutes of the Christian Religion emphasized predestination, righteous living Calvinism spreads – Presbyterians Huguenots in France, minorities in Poland, Hungary, Scotland, Netherlands, England, North American colonies 18

19 1. Southern Baptist Convention: 16.2 million members 2. The United Methodist Church: 7.8 million members 3. The Church of God in Christ: 5.5 million members 4. National Baptist Convention: 5.0 million members 5. Evangelical Lutheran Church, U.S.A.: 4.5 million members 6. National Baptist Convention of America: 3.5 million members 7. Assemblies of God: 2.9 million members 8. Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.): 2.8 million members 9. African Methodist Episcopal Church: 2.5 million members 10. National Missionary Baptist Convention of America: 2.5 million members 11. The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS): 2.3 million members 12. The Episcopal Church: 2.0 million members 13. Churches of Christ: 1.6 million members 14. Pentecostal Assemblies of the World: 1.5 million members 15. The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church: 1.4 million members

The Counter-Reformation Counter-Reformation tactics – inquisition, Index of Forbidden Books The Council of Trent – clarified doctrines, emphasized ceremonies Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation – Jesuits founded by Ignatius de Loyola 20

Results of the Religious Upheaval Diversity of churches appeared Education grew National governments gained more power 21