UNIT –II Presented By Senthil kumar.N

TODAYS discussion Review of last class Organizational behavior modification Learning theories UNIT II O & B

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION Organizational behavior modification (OB MOD) is the systematic application of the principles of operant conditioning for teaching and managing organizational behavior UNIT II O & B

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION OB Mod has been used successfully to improve productivity, attendance, punctuality, safe work practices, and customer service. It can be used to encourage desired behaviors and discourage undesired behaviors. Proponents rightfully claim that OB Mod is useful for managing important behaviors. Research shows that it can be successful in increasing productivity and cutting down on accidents, waste, and absenteeism. Critics say that it is overly manipulative. UNIT II O & B

THE BASIC STEPS OF OB MOD Identify the behavior to be learned Measure the frequency of the behavior Analyze antecedents and consequences Intervene Evaluate the performance improvement UNIT II O & B

THE BASIC STEPS OF OB MOD OB Mod should be used to encourage behaviors that can be observed by others (and can therefore be reinforced) and measured, and are task-related and critical to the task. Measures of the frequency of behavior should be based on direct observation, archival data, or historical data. UNIT II O & B

No Yes Maintain Yes Maintain Identify important organizational behavior Measure the frequency of the behavior Analyze antecedents and consequences Intervene Evaluate for performance improvement Problem solved? STEPS IN OB MOD UNIT II O & B

STEPS IN OB MOD Once the behavior is identified and its frequency has been determined, it is important to identify the current antecedents and consequences of the behavior. Interventions can include introducing antecedents and applying operant conditioning techniques including positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. When possible, positive reinforcement is preferred to negative reinforcement and extinction is preferred to punishment. UNIT II O & B

STEPS IN OB MOD In the last step of evaluation, the frequency of the behavior is measured again to determine if the intervention was successful. If so, then all that has to be done is to maintain the intervention by continuing to use the antecedents and positive reinforcers from the prior step. If not, then managers need to reconsider the behavior and cycle through the process again until the behavior has been successfully identified and modified. UNIT II O & B

Theories of learning connectionist Classical conditioning Operant conditioning cognitiveSocial learning UNIT II O & B

Theories of Learning Key Concepts Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Key Concepts Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Classical Conditioning A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response. UNIT II O & B

Behaviorism  Classical Conditioning - Pavlov S R A stimulus is presented in order to get a response:

Behaviorism  Classical Conditioning - Pavlov SUS UR CSUS CR

Theories of Learning Key Concepts Reflexive (unlearned) behavior Conditioned (learned) behavior Reinforcement Key Concepts Reflexive (unlearned) behavior Conditioned (learned) behavior Reinforcement Operant Conditioning A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment. UNIT II O & B

Behaviorism  Operant Conditioning - Skinner The response is made first, then reinforcement follows.

Cognitive learning Theory A learning theory that takes into account the fact that thoughts and feelings influence learning Necessary components include Vicarious learning Self-control Self-efficacy UNIT II O & B

Vicarious Learning Learning that occurs when one person (the learner) learns a behavior by watching another person (the model) perform the behavior Examples Role playing Demonstrations Training films Shadowing UNIT II O & B

Vicarious Learning Physicians learn vicariously by watching skilled physicians treat patients. UNIT II O & B

Self-efficacy Self-efficacy is the measure of one's own competence to complete tasks and reach goals. Psychologists have studied self-efficacy from several perspectives, noting various paths to the development of self-efficacy; the dynamics of self-efficacy, and lack thereof, in different settings; interactions between self-efficacy and self- concept; and habits of attribution that contribute to, or detract from, self-efficacy. UNIT II O & B

Self-control Self-control is the ability to control one's emotions, behavior, and desires in order to obtain some reward, or avoid some punishment, later. Presumably, some (smaller) reward or punishment is operating in the short term which precludes, or reduces, the later reward or punishment. In psychology it is sometimes called self-regulation. Exerting self-control through the executive functions in decision making is held in some theories to deplete one's ability to do so in the future. [1]emotions behaviordesirespsychologyexecutive functionsdecision makingdeplete [1] UNIT II O & B

Theories of Learning Key Concepts Attentional processes Retention processes Motor reproduction processes Reinforcement processes Key Concepts Attentional processes Retention processes Motor reproduction processes Reinforcement processes Social-Learning Theory People can learn through observation and direct experience. UNIT II O & B

Attention — various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. Includes distinctiveness, affective valence, prevalence, complexity, functional value. One’s characteristics (e.g. sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set, past reinforcement) affect attention. Retention — remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic coding, mental images, cognitive organization, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal UNIT II O & B

Motor Reproduction — reproducing the image. Including physical capabilities, and self-observation of reproduction. Motivation & reinforcement — having a good reason to imitate. Includes motives such as  past (i.e. traditional behaviorism), promised (imagined incentives) and vicarious (seeing and recalling the reinforced model) UNIT II O & B

THANK YOU,,,,, UNIT II O & B