U.S. History Core 100, Goal 5 Becoming an Industrial Society ( ) - The learner will describe innovations in technology and business practices and assess their impact on economic, political, and social life in America.

Businessmen and bankers who dominated their respective industries and amassed huge personal fortunes, typically as a direct result of pursuing various anti- competitive or unfair business practices Businessmen and bankers who dominated their respective industries and amassed huge personal fortunes, typically as a direct result of pursuing various anti- competitive or unfair business practices Railroad Tycoons Railroad Tycoons

Scottish immigrant; came to U.S. w/ little money Scottish immigrant; came to U.S. w/ little money Worked his way up to becoming the owner of a steel company Worked his way up to becoming the owner of a steel company Brought the Bessemer process to the U.S. to mass produce steel Brought the Bessemer process to the U.S. to mass produce steel Became very wealthy off steel Became very wealthy off steel Used vertical integration: owned all different businesses his company depended on Used vertical integration: owned all different businesses his company depended on Philanthropist; Gospel of Wealth (gave money to poor) Philanthropist; Gospel of Wealth (gave money to poor)

Most powerful and influential financer of his time Most powerful and influential financer of his time BANKING BANKING Organized the U.S. Steel Company (first billion dollar corporation) Organized the U.S. Steel Company (first billion dollar corporation)

Owner of Standard Oil Company Owner of Standard Oil Company Used Horizontal Integration – combining firms in the same business into on large corporation Used Horizontal Integration – combining firms in the same business into on large corporation Accused of having a monopoly b/c company owned 90% of oil refineries in U.S. Accused of having a monopoly b/c company owned 90% of oil refineries in U.S. Donated his money to philanthropic causes: most notably funding colleges and universities Donated his money to philanthropic causes: most notably funding colleges and universities

One of the most successful railroad consolidators One of the most successful railroad consolidators By 1869, he had purchased & merged 3 short NY railroads to form NY Central By 1869, he had purchased & merged 3 short NY railroads to form NY Central 1 st direct rail service from Chicago – NY 1 st direct rail service from Chicago – NY Built NY’s Grand Central Station Built NY’s Grand Central Station

Air Brake: Safer braking system for railroad cars Air Brake: Safer braking system for railroad cars AC: Alternating Current system for electricity AC: Alternating Current system for electricity

Founded in 1869 by Terrence Powderly Founded in 1869 by Terrence Powderly Wanted: Wanted: **8 hour work day** Accepted EVERYONE Accepted EVERYONE Membership steadily declined after Haymarket Riot… eventually no more Membership steadily declined after Haymarket Riot… eventually no more

Skilled workers Skilled workers 1 st president = Samuel Gompers 1 st president = Samuel Gompers Goals: Goals: –Convince companies to recognize unions –Pushed for closed shops –**8 hour workday** By 1900, biggest union in US By 1900, biggest union in US Eventually merged w/ CIO Eventually merged w/ CIO

UNION UNION –Strikes  The Great Railroad Strike  Pullman Strike  Homestead Strike –Closed Shops BUSINESS BUSINESS –Yellow Dog Contract –Scabs –Blacklist –Strikebreakers –Lockouts –Injunctions

Essay written by Andrew Carnegie Essay written by Andrew Carnegie Connects w/ Social Darwinism Connects w/ Social Darwinism Philanthropy is the responsibility of the wealthy Philanthropy is the responsibility of the wealthy –Give money to community / those in need

Pretty on the outside, but corrupt on the inside Pretty on the outside, but corrupt on the inside Term coined by Mark Twain Term coined by Mark Twain –Political Corruption –Crime –Poverty

Herbert Spencer’s theory that competition among individuals, nations, groups, or ideas drives social evolution in human societies Herbert Spencer’s theory that competition among individuals, nations, groups, or ideas drives social evolution in human societies Derived from Darwin’s theory of natural selection Derived from Darwin’s theory of natural selection “Survival of the Fittest” “Survival of the Fittest”

Late 19 th, early 20 th century Late 19 th, early 20 th century Christian movement Christian movement People could attain salvation through good works and giving People could attain salvation through good works and giving Creation of: Creation of: –YMCA –Salvation Army Everyone is helping each other; not just the rich

Trust = large business combination Trust = large business combination Congress passed this act to prohibit trusts in the US Congress passed this act to prohibit trusts in the US Vaguely worded, poorly enforced, and weakened by judicial interpretation Vaguely worded, poorly enforced, and weakened by judicial interpretation Supreme Court ruled that the law did not apply to manufacturing b/c it was not interstate commerce Supreme Court ruled that the law did not apply to manufacturing b/c it was not interstate commerce

1887, Grover Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act, which created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) 1887, Grover Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act, which created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Wabash v. Illinois Wabash v. Illinois First fed. law to regulate interstate commerce First fed. law to regulate interstate commerce –Away from Laissez-Faire Not effective b/c had to rely on courts to enforce its rulings Not effective b/c had to rely on courts to enforce its rulings

OLD: OLD: –North and West Europe –Accepted –Skilled NEW: NEW: –South and East Europe –Catholics and Jews –Harder to Americanize

Extreme dislike of immigrants by native- born people Extreme dislike of immigrants by native- born people In late 1800s, anti-immigrant feelings rose in the U.S. In late 1800s, anti-immigrant feelings rose in the U.S. –Focused mainly on Asians, Jews, and eastern Europeans Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 –First federal immigration law

Ethnic Neighborhoods Ethnic Neighborhoods Tenements (Dumbbell) Tenements (Dumbbell) Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives

Community centers in cities that provided services to the poor, especially immigrants Community centers in cities that provided services to the poor, especially immigrants Jane Addams: Jane Addams: –Leader of the Social Gospel Movement –Formed the Hull House in Chicago  One of the oldest and the largest settlement house in the U.S. –Helped immigrants w/ health care, education, and safety

After James Garfield’s assassination After James Garfield’s assassination Spoils system gone… new, merit system Spoils system gone… new, merit system Civil Service System Civil Service System

Political Machines: Informal political group designed to gain and keep power based on patronage Political Machines: Informal political group designed to gain and keep power based on patronage Boss Tweed: Tammany Hall’s corrupt leader in 1870s and 1880s Boss Tweed: Tammany Hall’s corrupt leader in 1870s and 1880s Tammany Hall: NY’s Democratic political machine Tammany Hall: NY’s Democratic political machine

Very famous political cartoonist… exposed the corruption of Boss Tweed Very famous political cartoonist… exposed the corruption of Boss Tweed

Whiskey Ring Whiskey Ring Credit Mobilier Credit Mobilier Graft: getting money through dishonest means Graft: getting money through dishonest means