Iwo Jima 1945

Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2 I. Holding the Line Against Japan A. Chester Nimitz 1. He was the commander of the United States Navy in the Pacific. 2. Nimitz began planning operations against the Japanese after Pearl Harbor. 3. He was powerless to stop the Japanese advance into Southeast Asia shortly after Pearl harbor. Chester Nimitz

Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2 B. The Fall of the Philippines 1. The Japanese attacked the Philippines shortly after Pearl Harbor and quickly overran the islands. 2. Douglas MacArthur was ordered by President Roosevelt to leave the Philippines and evacuate to Australia. 3. On April 9, 1942, the weary defenders of the Bataan Peninsula surrendered. A month later a small force on the island of Corregidor surrendered. 4. The Bataan Death March was the forced march of sick, exhausted, and starving American and Filipino troops to Japanese prison camps.

Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2

C. The Doolittle Raid on Tokyo 1. Roosevelt used this event to attempt to raise the morale of the American people. 2. B-25’s launched off the aircraft carrier Hornet bombed Tokyo. 3. As a result of the raid, the Japanese changed their strategy and now decided to attack the Midway Islands. D. The Battle of the Coral Sea 1. First naval battle in history in which ships faced off against each other without seeing the enemy. How was this possible? 2. The American attacks prevented the Japanese from landing on New Guinea’s south coast and kept the supply line open to Australia.

Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2 3. Unknown to the Japanese before the attack was that the Americans had already broken their codes. E. The Battle of Midway 1. It was the turning point in the war in the Pacific. The battle stopped the Japanese advance in the Pacific. 2. The Japanese navy lost four large carriers which was the heart of their fleet. II. Stopping the Germans A. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill wanted the Allies to attack the periphery, or edges, of the German empire. Roosevelt agreed. B. In July 1942, Roosevelt ordered the invasion of Morocco and Algeria in North Africa.

Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2

C. The Battle for North Africa 1. Roosevelt decided to invade Morocco and Algeria for two reasons: a. The invasion would give the army some experience without requiring a lot of troops. b. It would also help the British troops fight the Germans in Egypt. 2. General Erwin Rommel (“Desert Fox”) a. He was the German commander of the Africa Corps. b. Rommel’s German forces remained a threat after losing the Battle of Alamein.

Overview of Chapter General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the American commander in North Africa. a. American general George Patton’s forces in Morocco captured the city of Casablanca, while those in Algeria seized the cities of Oran and Algiers. b. The Americans were defeated in their first battle with German forces at Kasserine Pass. c. On May 13, 2013, the last German troops in North Africa surrendered. Dwight D. Eisenhower

Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2 D. The Battle of the Atlantic 1. The loss of so many ships due to U-Boat attacks convinced the U.S. Navy to set up a convoy system. 2. From July 1942 onward, American shipyards produced more ships than German submarines managed to sink. 3. New technology, such as radar, sonar, and depth charges allowed the Allies to locate and destroy German submarines. 4. As the new technology began to take its toll on German submarines, the battle of the Atlantic turned in favor of the Allies.

Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2 E. The Battle of Stalingrad 1. On November 23, 1942, the Soviet Army surrounded the German troops in Stalingrad. This forced German troops to surrender in February of The Battle of Stalingrad was a major turning point in the war.

Review of Chapter 21 Section 2 1. Who was the commander of the United States Navy in the Pacific? 2. What was the Bataan Death March? 3. What was the turning point in the war in the Pacific? 4. Why did American forces land in North Africa in 1942? 5. Who was the “Desert Fox?” 6. What was the convoy system? 7. What was the Africa Corps? 8. Why was the Battle of Midway important? 9. What new technology did the Allies develop to combat the U- Boat threat in the Atlantic? 10. What battle fought in Russia was a turning point in Europe?

Chapter 21 Section 4 and 5 I. Pushing Back the Axis A. Allied victories in North Africa cleared the way for an attack on what Churchill called “the soft underbelly” on Europe. B. In August 1943, British and American forces took Sicily, and in September they invaded the Italian mainland. C. After the defeat in Sicily, Mussolini was overthrown, and the new Italian government quickly surrendered. Germany troops occupied Italy and put up fierce resistance in the mountainous terrain.

Chapter 21 Sections 4 and 5 D. Normandy Invasion 1. On June 6, 1944, the Allies launched the greatest amphibious invasion in history. (176,000 troops in 5,000 vessels) 2. The Allied force led by Dwight D. Eisenhower crossed the English channel along a 60-mile stretch of coast in France. 3. Within a month after D-Day, a million Allied troops were in France. 4. In August 1944, Allied forces liberated Paris. E. Rapid Soviet Advance From the East 1. In January 1944, the Red Army freed Leningrad from an 890-day German siege. 2. By the spring of 1944, the Soviet troops had entered Ukraine, and in July they entered Poland.

Chapter 21 Sections 4 and 5 F. Germany Surrenders 1. In December 1944, Hitler tried a desperate attempt to break through the Allied force in Belgium. This failed attempt became known as the Battle of the Bulge. This was the last German offensive of WWII. 2. In March 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine and moved into the heart of Germany. Meanwhile, the Soviets pushed from the east, entering Berlin in April, In late April, Hitler committed suicide in his underground shelter in Berlin, and on May 7, 1945 (V-E Day), German leaders agreed to an unconditional surrender. 4. WWII in Europe comes to an end.

Chapter 21 Sections 4 and 5 II. War in the Pacific A. Guadalcanal (It was the first American offensive in the Pacific.) 1. In August 1942, American marines landed on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. 2. The struggle for this island was fought on the ground, at sea, and in the air, lasting six months. 3. Not until 1943 did resistance on Guadalcanal come to an end. B. Island-hopping campaign 1. During , American forces “island-hopped” toward the Philippines and Japan. 2. These military campaigns were carried out by General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz.

Chapter 21 Sections 4 and 5 C. Iwo Jima and Okinawa 1. Though Iwo Jima measures only a few square miles, American marines suffered more than 6,80o deaths in capturing the island. The Americans targeted this island as an airbase to refuel B-29’s before bombing the Japanese islands 2. The United States captured Iwo Jima in March, Japan now began to use kamikaze suicide pilots to destroy American ships. During the invasion of Okinawa, kamikazes scored 279 hits on United States vessels. 4. More than 12,000 Americans died capturing Okinawa. The next target for the Americans were the Japanese Islands.

Chapter 21 Sections 4 and 5 D. WWII Ends 1. The Manhattan Project 2. The Japanese refused to surrender after Okinawa falls in June, Military experts predicted that Americans could lose up to 1 million men if they ordered the invasion of Japan. 4. President Truman ordered the dropping of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 5. The Japanese surrendered unconditionally on August 15, 1945 (V-J Day). On September, 2, 1945, the formal surrender was signed on the battleship Missouri. 6. WWII ends and the Cold War begins.